Gram (+) Cocci
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- Bug that contains virulence factor protein A (binds to Fc portion of IgG and prevents phagocytosis), inhibits Ab mediated clearance, and has ribitol phosphate in its wall?
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Difference between Staph. aureus and Staph epidermis:
- S. aureus is coagulase +
- produces scalded skin syndrome in newborns:
- epidermolytic toxin
- difference between Viridian and S. pneumoniae:
- S. pneumoniae is Bile soluble
- difference between Group D Strep. and enterococcus (viridians):
- Group D Strep. has salt intolerance and is PYR negative. Entrococcus grows in NaCl.
- Virulence factors for Group A Streptococcus:
- M-protein, Lipoteichoic acid, Streptokinase, DNase, Hyaluronidase, Anti-C5a peptidase
- Toxins for Group A Streptococcus:
- Erythrogenic or Pyrogenic Toxin (scarlet fever), TSS toxin
- Diagnosis for Group A Streptococcus:
- Gram (+) in chains, growth inhibited by bacitracin
- Treatment for Group A Streptococcus:
- Penicillin G, Penicillin V, Erythromycin, Penicillinase-resistant penicillin
- causes neonatal meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsis
- Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B)
- Treatment for Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B):
- Penicillin G
- Diagnosis of Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B):
- Gram stain & culture of CSF
- Pathology of Enterococci, Streptococcus bovis & equinus (Group D):
- Subacute endocarditis, biliary tract infections, UTIs
- Treatment for Enterococci, Streptococcus bovis & equinus (Group D):
- Ampicillin (penicillin G & vancomycin resistance)
- Diagnosis of Enterococci, Streptococcus bovis & equinus (Group D):
- Gram (+), NaCl/bile solution (nonenterococci will not grow without it)
- Virulence factors for Viridans streptococci:
- extracellular dextran (heart valve adherence)
- Pathology of Viridans streptococci:
- Subacute bacterial endocarditis, dental caries, brain & liver abcesses
- Treatment of Viridans streptococci:
- Penicillin G
- Diagnosis of Viridans streptococci:
- Gram (+), Culture, resistant to optochin
- Location of normal colonization of Viridans streptococci:
- nasopharynx, gingival crevices, GI tract
- Location of normal colonization of Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B):
- vagina of pregnant women
- Virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae:
- Capsule
- Toxins of Streptococcus pneumoniae:
- Pneumolysin (binds to cholesterol in cell membrane)
- Pathology of Streptococcus pneumoniae:
- Pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, otitis media
- Treatment of Streptococcus pneumoniae:
- Penicillin G, Erythromycin, Ceftriaxone, Vaccine
- Diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae:
- Catalase (-), Gram (+) diplococci, Quellung (+) (swelling in response to anti-capsular antibodies), will not grow in presence of optochin or bile
- Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus:
- Protein A (IgG-binding), Coagulase, Hemolysins, Leukocidins, Penicillinase, Hyaluronidase, Staphylokinase, Lipase
- Toxins of Staphylococcus aureus:
- Exfoliatin (SSS), enterotoxin, TSST-1
- Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus:
- Penicillinase-resistant penicillin, vancomycin, clindamycin, IV vancomycin for MRSA
- Diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus:
- clustured Gram (+), catalase & coagulase (+), golden pigment, beta hemolytic
- Virulence of Staphylococcus epidermidis:
- polysaccharide capsule (prosthetic adherence), antibiotic resistance
- Treatment of Staphylococcus epidermidis:
- vancomycin (antibiotic resistance!)
- Diagnosis of Staphylococcus epidermidis:
- Gram (+) clusters, catalase (+), coagulase (-)
- Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus:
- penicillin
- Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus:
- Gram (+) clusters, gamma hemolytic, catalase (+), coagulase (-)