Gene regulation
Terms
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- point mutation
- base substitution, change in 1 - N base in gene
- nonsense mutation
- change codes for a stop protein synthesis stops
- inducable enzymes/proteins
- synthesized only when substrate is present
- frame shift mutation
- loss or addition of 1 - N base from gene. Change of bas sequence in gene from point of addition or deletion, therefore change in the sequence of amino acids from the point of insertion or deletion.
- structural gene process
- code for enzymes --- MRNA (transcription) --- translated --- to proteins/enzymes
- error frequency of mutations
- due to errors during replication (fairly rare)
- inducable with substrate
- substrate will combine with repressor protein free operator site therefore there will be transcription and translation
- Repressible enzymes/proteins
- not made unless end product is present (blocks transmission)
- missene mutation
- change 1 amino acid in protein
- Igene repressor protein
- end product + repressor = active
- Types of enzymes/proteins
-
Constituative
inducable
repressible - repressible with end product
- it will bind to inactive repressor protein and for actual repressor bind to operator OFF therefore no transcription or translation
- operator
- on/off switch
- Operon
- coordinated control of several genes in a biochemical pathway
- repressible protein
- recessor protein inactive aand cant bind to operator therefore ON and transcription and translation
- inducable repressor protein
- will bind to the operator and turn off the switch and therefore no transcription, no translation, no proteins
- Constuative enzymes/proteins
- always synthesized Ex - RNA polymerase
- promoter
- spot at where the RNA polymerase will bind to DNA
- Mutagens
- induce frequency of mutations = induced mutations
- Mutations
- stable, heritable change, in the base sequence of DNA change in amino acid sequence of the protein may change the cell characteristic