Anatomy cardiovascular intro
Terms
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- Name 2 circuits of CV system
- Pulmonary and Systemic
- Pulmonary circuit constituents
- Pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries, right atrium, right ventricle
- Systemic ciruit constituents
- Left atrium, left ventricle, aorta to systemic arteries, systemic veins
- Why does left side of the heart have more muscle
- Right side only sends blood to the lungs, left side to the whole body, needs more force
- Name three layers of the heart wall
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Epicardium-simple squamous epithelium, connective tissue, fat
Myocardium - cardiac muscle
Endocardium-part thats in contact with blood, connective tissue and endothelium - What is the main function of valves
- Ensure unidirectional flow
- Name 4 chambers of the heart
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Right atrium - receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava
Right ventricle- brings it to pulmonary trunk
Left atrium- received blood from lungs
Left ventricle - sends blood to aorta and rest of the body - Name valve between right atrium and ventricle
- Tricuspid valve
- Name valve between left atrium and ventricle
- Bicuspid valve
- Name location of pulmonary semilunar valve
- At the base of pulmonary trunk
- Name location of aortic semilunar valve
- Right under aorta
- Why do valves have fibrous covering
- Provide point of attachment
- Describe pathway of blood to the lungs
- Superior and inferior vena cava -->Right atrium-->Right AV valve (tricuspid)-->Right Ventricle-->Pulmonary semilunar valve-->Pulmonary arteries--> gas exchange in lungs
- Describe pathway of blood from the lungs
- Pulmonary veins-->Left Atrium-->Left AV valve (bicuspid)--> Left ventricle-->Aortic Semilunar valve-->Aorta-->Gas Exchange Peripheral--> Systemic Veins
- Arteries go... heart, Veins go... heart
- Away from, towards
- Name 3 layers of a blood vessel
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1. Tunica Intima - one layer of simple squamous epithelium
2.Tunica Media- smooth muscle
3. Tunica Adventitia- thick fibrous connective tissue, also called tunica externa - Arteries Vs Veins
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Arteries have smaller lumen, thicker muscular level
Veins have valves, and more connective tissue - Name 3 types of arteries
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Elastic attery - lot of elastin, aorta, pulmonary trunk, need to endure large pressures coming out of heart
Muscular artery - most arteries of the body, less elastin, more muscle
Arteriole- smallest artery, still has 3 layers, less muscle cells, very little outside tissue - Vasa vasorum
- provide blood supply to large arteries
- Atherosclerosis
- precursor - arteriosclerosis, leads to CAD, buildup of plaque causes narrowing of lumen
- Baroreceptors
- Sensing pressure, located at carotid sinus and aortic arch
- Chemoreceptors
- Detecting chemical composition of the blood and plasma, located at carotid and aortic bodies, coccygeal body
- Name three types of veins
-
Large - superior, inferior vena cavae
Medium - most veins in the body, have valves
Venule - smallest veins, no valves, still have 3 layers - Describe a vein valve
- Outgrowth of tunica interna, ensuring one way flow
- Deep Veins
- Generate pressure not by cardiac pump, but by skeletal muscle pump
- Superficial veins
- no muscle, will be damaged more easily
- Varicose Veins
- At pregnancy (higher blood volume), not moving much. Can be fixed by obliterating vein without having to excise it
- Capillaries
- Single cell layered, providing highly effective osmosis
- Name 3 types of capillaries
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Continuous - tight junctions, most common type
Fenestrated -holes in epithelial cells, eye, kidney, big organs(hormones exchange)
Sinusoid - largest holes, bone marrow - Name two types of blood barrier
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Blood brain barrier
Blood testes barrier
Selectively permeable, problem to get a drug in - What is a portal system
- venous circuit involving two capillary beds, capillary bed is drained by a set of veins and these veins deliver blood to another capillary bed that is in turn drained by another series of veins
- Name two portal systems
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Hepatic portal system- involves drainage of GI and liver
Hypothalamic Hypopheseal portal system - involves delivery of hormones to hypophysis - Is there a renal portal system
- It is not called portal system, but blood passes through two sets of arterial capillaries
- Anastomosis
- Arteries do not always end in capillary beds, they can connect with other arteries, do not have valves so backfilling can occur
- Name locations with poor collateral circulation
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those are "end arteries", ending at capillary bed
Retina
CNS
Kidney and Spleen
Heart and Lungs
Metaphysis of long bones - Vascular Shunt
- Communications between arteries and veins that bypass capillary beds, typically accompanied by sphincters to regulate flow into the shunt or capillary bed
- What are vascular shunts important for?
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Distribution of blood
Absorption from GI
Regulation of BP
Temperature regulation - Sinusoid
- Wide irregular veins, sites of phagocytosis, found in liver, spleen, bone marrow and suprarenal glands
- Cavernous Tissue
- Arterioles open into numerous venous spaces separated by fibrous septa, drained by venules, found in erectile tissure and nasal cavity
- Lymphatic system
- Returns excess fluid back to the venous system
- Lymph
- rich in macromolecules, large proteins and particulate matter
- Functions of lymph system
- Transport lymph and cells, absorption and transport of fat, defense mechanisms
- Lymph vessels
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blind ended pouches, highly permeable, very low pressure, drain lipids from GI tract
Have basal lamina, valves and three layers - tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia - Name areas that do not have lymph vessels
- Cornea, epidermis, hair, nails, articular cartilage, cns, bone marrow
- Name two major lymph ducts
- Thoracic duct + cisterna chyli, right lymphatic duct
- Lymphatic capillaries
- Consist of a layer of endothelium with no basal lamina
- What does movement of lymph depend on?
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Filtration pressure
Contraction of muscles
arterial pulsations
Respiratory movement
Smooth Muscle in vessels - Lymphagitis
- Inflammation of lymph vessel
- Lymphadenitis
- Inflammation of lymph node
- Lymphedema
- Swelling caused by lymph, usually seen in breast cancer