Review of Cardiovascular System
Terms
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- Morbidity and Mortality causes
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#1 MI
#2 CHF
#3 CVA
48% of all persons with heart disease are women, no longer are men at much of a higher risk -
Heart Anatomy
-four layers
-Blood supply -
-Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium and pericardium
-Coronary artery - Conduction Pathway
- sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, R and L bundle branches, Purkinje Fibers
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Transmission of the Impulse-
Depolarization- __ out and __ into cell.
Repolarization- ___ enters the cells -
Depolarization K+ out and Na+ into cell, causes myocardial contraction
-Repolarization Ca+ entering the cells, baseline/muscle relaxation - *Cardiac Action Potential*
- The electrical potential created by ionic movement as recorded within a single cell. Ions include K+, Na, and Ca.
- The cardiac cycle
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S1 (lub) and S2 (dub)
Systole= time between S1 and S2(Blood is flowing out to the body)
Diastole= time between S2 and the repeat of S1(blood flows back into the heart) -
Abnormal heart sounds:
S3 and S4
Snaps, clicks, murmurs, friction rub. -
-S3-failure of ventricles to completely empty.
-S4-ventricles not as receptive to filling. S3&S4 often heard in CHF.
-Snaps(stenosis of mitral valve), Clicks(ejection of blood through stenotic aortic valve) -
Cardiac Output (CO)
Stroke Volume (SV) -
Amount of blood pumped through ventricles over 1 min.
Amount of blood ejected by heart in one beat
SV x HR= CO - Preload and Afterload
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Preload- volume of blood and force it exerts coming into the ventricles.
Afterload- pressure gradient against which the ventricles are pumping blood. - Pulse Deficient
- Difference between apical pulse and radial pulse
- Pulse pressure
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<30 Ex:120/110= small pulse pressure= decreased SV and CO
>50 Ex: 140/60= wide pulse pressure= hyperthyroidism, and some times in athletes - Cardiac Catherization(invasive)
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evaluate patency of coronary arteries, valvular function, measures pressure w/in heart chambers, and 02 saturation.
-NPO, A dye is injected, giving a flushed feeling. Are awake
Risks: may cause arrhythmias, bleeding, infection, may loosen a piece of plaque.
Post-op assess: pedial pulses, site, arrhythmias and heart rate and rhythm.