Anatimy-musculoskeletal system intro
Terms
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- Axial skeleton
- central skeleton, ribs, vertebra, sacrum
- Appendicular skeleton
- limbs
- Functions of bone
-
1. structure, support
2.protection
3. movement
4. new blood cells
5. storage of Ca, P - Parts of bone
-
Cortex (compact bone)
Cancellous bone (trabecular, spongy)
Medullary cavity
Periosteum
Endosteum - Periosteum
- double layered, contains osteoprogenitor cells, highly innervated
- Endosteum
- lining medullary cavity, also osteoprogenitor cells
- Osteoporosis
- imbalance in bone deposition and resorption, weak bone structure
- Osteocyte
- normal cell, maintains bone
- Osteoblast
- Bone Builder
- Osteoclast
- resorption of the bone, breaking it down
- Cartilage
- avascular connective tissue
- Types of cartilage
- Hyaline, fibrous, elastic
- Hyaline cartilage
- most common form, precursor to many bones, at birth most of the skeleton is made of hyaline cartilage, in adult- limited to sternal ends of ribs and articulating ends of synovial joints
- Fibrocartilage
- associated with weight bearing joints, found in intervertebral disks, menisci in several synovial joints, usually well innervated
- Elastic cartilage
- restricted to mobile parts of nose, external ear and larynx
- Osteoarthritis
- wearing away of cartilage at the joint, followed by deposits of bone on articular surface, causes pain and restricted movement
- Name types of arteries in the bone
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1. Periosteal - outside of cavity
2.Nutrient arteries - through periosteum into center, inner part of compact bone, medullary cavity
3.Epiphysial and Metaphysial - Innervation of the bone
- Pain fibers to periosteum, vasomotor fibers to blood vessels
- Types of bones
- Long, flat, short, irregular,sesamoid
- Example of long bone
- digits, femur
- Example of short bone
- ankle and wrist
- Example of sesamoid bone
- knee cap (patella)
- Example of flat bone
- bones of skull, sternum
- Example of irregular bone
- vertebra, sphenoid
- Name parts of bone from top to bottom
- Epiphysis - diaphysis - metaphysis - epiphysis
- What type of tissue do bones come from?
- Mesenchyme
- Name two types of ossification
- Intramembranous and endochondral
- Intramembranous ossification
- goes straight from mesenchyme to bone - most skull bones
- Endochondral ossification
- first forms a cartilage model - femur
- Achonroplasia
- decreased endochondreal ossification, inhibited proliferation of chondrocytes in growth plate cartilage, gene mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptors
- Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
- 25- 40% bilateral, obesity factor, most common in growing adolescents, danger of avascular necrosis
- What is a function of synovial membrane
- Production of synovial fluid and taking contaminants out of the joint
- What are characteristic of a synovial joint
- diarthroses, hyaline cartilage, joint capsule, synovial lining, capsular ligametns, may have disk (meniscus), fatpad in many,may have intra-articular ligaments, freely moveable
- Fat pad
- filling space, helping move synovial fluid around joint
- Type of articular ligaments
- capsular, extracapsular, intra-articular
- Capsular ligaments
- thickening of articular capsule
- Extracapsular ligaments
- outside and distinct from articular capsule
- Intra-articular
- appear to be within synovial membrane but are actually outside the joint cavity - ACL/PCL
- Name 6 types of synovial joints
- Hinge, pivot, saddle, ball and socket, plane, condyloid
- Plane joint
- usually uniaxial, permit only gliding or sliding movements
- Hinge joint
- Uniaxial, permit flexion and extension only
- Saddle joint
- biaxial, saddle shaped heads permit movements in two different planes
- Condyloid joint
- biaxial, permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
- Ball and Socket
- multiaxial, rounded head fits into concavity, which permits movement on several axes
- Pivot joint
- uniaxial, round process of bone that fits in bony ligamentous socket, allows rotation
- Which joint responsible for shaking head - "yes"
- occipital atlanto condyloid
- Which joint responsible for shaking head - "no"
- atlanto axial pivot joint, between C1 and C2
- Fibrous joint
- Bones of the joint are connected by fibrous ligamensts only
- Name 3 types of fibrous joints
- Sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses
- Suture joints
- synarthroses, connect flat bones of the skull in a toothlike pattern
- Gomphoses
- slightly moveable, anchors teeth in sockets
- Syndesmosis
- apposed bones are joined by fibrous membrane, slightly moveable, radius/ulna, tibia/fibula
- Cartilaginous joints
- bones joined by some type of cartilage
- Name two types of cartilaginous joints
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Symphysis
Synchondrosis - Symphysis
- Permanent fibrocartilage disks separating bones, covered by hyaline cartilage, allows some movement - pubic symphysis, intervertebral
- Synchondrosis
- Temporary type of cartilage joint seen at epiphysial plates during development. Made of hyaline cartilage, eventually replaced by the bone
- Blood supply of joints
- Anastomoses, articular arteries
- Innervation of joints
- Highly innervated, capsule especially, nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering the joint
- Proprioception
- Knowing where body parts are relative to the space
- Fat pad sign
- Also called sail sign, if on the x ray can see fat pad, it means that its displaced by a fracture
- What is fascia?
- A sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue enveloping, separating, or binding together muscles, organs, and other soft structures of the body.
- Name two types of fascia
- Deep and superficial
- What are the functions of the fascia
- Strength, compartmentalization, ease of movement
- What is a composition of fascia?
- Extracellular matrix, collagen(structure), elastin(elasticity), reticular fibers(support), cells - fibroblasts, adipose, macrophages, mast cells
- Name deep fascia specializations
- Neurovascular sheath, retinacula, fibrous sheath, intermuscular septa, muscle attachment
- What two layers does superficial fascia has?
- Superficial fatty Campers layer and deep membranous Scarpas layer
- What is a retinacula?
- Holds tendons in place during joint movement
- What does deep investing fascia do?
- Encapsulate a muscle
- Compartment syndrome
- Swelling of the muscle causes it to expand, however fascia doesnt let it to expand, need to cut fascia to release pressure
- What are some uses of fascia
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OMM, acupuncture, useful in surgery, limit spread of infection, blood , urine, etc
assists musculovenous pump(walking pumps venous blood to limbs) - Smooth muscle
- Non striated, involuntary by ANS, walls of hollow viscera, blood vessel walls, internal eye
- Cardiac muscle
- Semi striated, involuntary, both intrinsic and ANS modified, heart and proximal great vessels
- Skeletal muscle
- Striated, voluntary by somatic NS, most named muscles, produce movement and resist gravity
- What is an aponeuroses
- Like tendons, but flat collagen bundles
- Name 5 muscle shapes
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Pennate - unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, feather like
Fusiform- spindle like
Parallel(strap)- have aponeuroses
Convergent- broad attachment from which fascicles converge to single tendon
Circular- sphincters - Rank muscle shapes in terms of power starting with least powerful
- Strap- fusiform-unipennate-bipennate-multipennate
- Movements are performed by...with different role
- groups of muscle
- Where and why are muscles usually innervated
- On DEEP surface of belly, for protection
- Origin of a muscle
- Proximal portion of muscle, remains fixed
- Insertion of muscle
- distal end of muscle, can move
- Name 3 types of contractions
- Reflexive, tonic, phasic
- Reflexive contraction
- automatic, not controlled, like breathing
- Tonic contraction
- does not produce movement but gives firmness
- Phasic contraction
- Can be isometric - same length, increased tension or isotonic - changed length
- Two types of phasic isotonic contractions
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Concentric - muscle shortens
Eccentric - muscle lengthens - Agonist muscle
- Main muscle responsible for certain movement
- Fixator muscle
- Steady proximal part, while movement occurs at distal part
- Synergist
- Complements agonist
- Antagonist
- Opposes agonist
- Bursa
- Fluid filled sac around joint
- Synovial Sheath
- Prevents rubbing of tendons
- Muscles are named based on
- Function, shape, location, attachments, size, number of heads, fiber orientation