Vertebrate Anatomy - Muscular System
Terms
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- Muscles are classified by ___ & _____ muscles. This classification has fallen out of avor because such a color distinction alone underestimates thh complexity of muscles.
- red, white
- location classification: _______ _______ moves bones (or cartilages)
- somatic muscles
- location classification: ________ _______ control the activity of organs, vessels, and ducts
- visceral muscles
- control classification: _________ _______ are under immediate conscious control
- voluntary muscles
- control classification: ___________ _______ are not under immediate conscious control
- involuntary muscles
- microscopic classification: ________ muscle appears to have cross bands or striations
- skeletal
- microscopic classification: Individual _______ muscle cells are short, mononucleate, often branched, and joined to each other by distincy intercalated disks.
- cardiac
- microscopic classification: ______ muscle lacks striations
- smooth
- __________ is the term given to the cell membrane in a muscle cell
- sarcolemma
- the elaboraded smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a muscle cell
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
- individual skeletal muscle cells are usually les than _ __ long
- 5 cm
- long units that pack each skeletal muscle cell
- myofibrils
- chain of repeating units in a myofibril
- sacromeres
- thick myofilament
- myosin
- thin myofilament
- actin
- specialized attachment sites of cardiac muscle
- intercalated disks
- individual skeletal muscle cells are wrapped in this connective tissue
- endomysium
- groups of skeletal muscle cells are bundled by more of these wrappings
- perimysium
- the entire muscle is covered by this outer sheet of fibrous connective tissue
- epimysium
- by convention, the term muscle fiber applies to ________ or ______, but not a _______ muscle cell
- skeletal, smooth, cardiac
- fleshy part of a muscle organ
- belly or gaster
- ends of a muscle organ that join skeleton or adjacent organs
- attachments
- bundle of muscle cells defined by its particular perimysium
- fascicle
- various wrappings of connective tissue extend beyond the ends of the muscle fibers establishing a cordlike attachment called _______
- tendons
- Tendons drawn out into thin, flat sheets of tough connetive tissue are ___________
- aponeuroses
- sheets of fibrous connective tissue that wrap and bind parts of the body together
- fascia
- a muscle receiving no nervous stimulation is relaxed or in a _______ _____
- resting state
- 1. The direction of an applied force that tends to pull apart an object. 2. The force produced by muscle contraction.
- tensile force
- When nerves stimulate a muscle to its thershold level, contraction results and generates tensile force, constituting the ______ _____ of the muscle
- active state
- The bone to which the muscle is attached and the masss that must be moved represent this external resistance
- load
- 6 muscle functions
- movement (restraint), protection, heat production, noise, very low voltage electricity, protein source
- 5 ways of muscle classification
- embryonic origin, color, location, nervous control, microscopic appearance
- Because cardiac cells can contract w/o nervous stimulation, the __________ _____ are a means of communication
- intercalated disks
- Muscle action that decreases the angle at the joint
- flex
- Muscle action that increases the angle at the joint
- extend
- Muscle action that moves bone away from midline
- abduct
- Muscle action that moves bone toward the midline
- adduct
- Muscle action to project
- protraction
- Muscle action to bring in
- retraction
- Muscle action to lift
- elevate
- Muscle action to drop
- depress
- rotation: ventral side up, dorsal side down
- supination
- rotation: dorsal side up, ventral side down
- pronation
- sphincter: to close
- constrict
- sphincter: to open
- dialate
- dark macromolecule that stores oxygen and looks red
- myoglobin
- relatively slow contracting, low force, sustained contraction muscles
- tonic fibers
- generally fast contracting muscle
- twitch (phasic) fibers
- force required to stretch the relaxed muscle to greater lengths that results from th elastic constituents of the muscle, mainly from its collagenous fibers
- passive tension
- measurement of tension at different lengths when the muscle is contracting
- total tension
- contribution of tension made by the active component alone, derived from the difference between total tension and passive tension
- active tension
- nervous excitation is ___-__-____
- all-or-none
- One way in which graded force is generated is by ____ __________
- rate modulation
- Up to a point, force increases as the ____, not the intensity, of arriving nerve impulses increases.
- rate
- single motor neuron together with the unique set of muscle fibers it innervates
- motor unit
- the cross-sectional area of a muscle perpendicular to its longitudinal axis
- morphological cross section
- a muscle's ____________ _____ _______ represents the cross-sectional area of all muscle fibers perpendicular to their longitudinal axes
- physiological cross section
- a long muscle and a short muscle of equal physiological cross sections, generate the ____ forces
- same
- muscle in which all fibers lie along the line of tension generated
- parallel muscle
- muscle in which all fibers lie oblique to the line of force generated, and it is inserted on a common tendon that receives the incluned muscle fibers
- pinnate muscle