Anatomy and Physiology ~ Unit 6! Sections 1-2
Terms
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- Anatomy
- the study of the form and structure of an organism
- Physiology
- the study of the processes of living organisms
- Pathophysiology
- the study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes
- Protoplasm
- thick, viscous substance that is the basic substance of all life
- Cell
- the basic structure and function in all living things; composed of protoplasm
- Cell membrane
- the outer protective covering of a cell; semipermeable
- Cytoplasm
- semi-fluid inside cell; ontains water, proteins, lipids, carbs, minerals, salts; the site for allchemical reactions that take place in the cell
- Organelles
- cell structures that help a cell to function; located in cytoplasm; main organelles are nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, etc.
- Nucleus
- mass in cytoplams; "brain" of the cell; controls activites and is important in cell division
- Nucleolus
- inside nucleus; manufactures ribosomes (RNA and proteins)
- Chromatin
- in nucleus; made of DNA and protein; during cell reproduction, it condenses to form chromosomes
- Centrosome
- in cytoplasm near nucleus; contains 2 centrioles; during mitosis, they separate
- Mitochondria
- rod-shaped organelles located throughout cytoplasm; "furnaces" or cell b/c they break down carbs, proteins, & fats to produce ATP (energy source)
- Golgi Apparatus
- stack of membrane layers located in cytoplam; produces, stores, and packages; puts "finishing touches" on proteins that will now be shipped throughout cell
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- fine network of tubular structures in cytoplams; allows transportation of things in and out of nucleus, and helps with storage of proteins
- Lysosomes
- oval/round bodies in cytoplasm; digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, etc. & helps immune system
- Pinocytic vesicles
- pocketlike folds in membrane; allow large molecules like proteins and fats to enter cell, then they fold to form vacuoles
- Dehydration/edema
- not enough tissue fluid/too much tissue fluis
- organ
- two or more tissues joined together to perform a specific function
- system
- organs and other body parts joined together to perform a particular function
- Tissue
- cells of the same type join together for a common purpose
- Epithelial tissue
- covers the surface of the body and is main tissue in skin; forms lining of intestinal, respiratory, and urinary tracts and others; forms glands and specilizes to produce specific secretions for the body
- Connective tissue
-
supporting fabric of organs
Soft: insulates, food reserve, padding, holds things together
Hard: includes cartilage and bone - Nerve tissue
- made up of special cells called neurons; transmits messages throughout body and composes nerves, brain, and spinal cord
- Muscle tissue
- produces power and movement by contraction of muscle fibers; skeletal, cardiac, and visceral (smoothe)
- System that protects body from injury, infection, & dehydration; helps regulate body temp; eliminates some wastes; produces vitamin D
- Integumentary System
- System that creates framework of body, protects internal organs, produces blood cells, and acts as levers for muscles.
- Skeletal System
- System that produces movement, protects internal organs, produces body heat, and maintains posture.
- Muscular System
- System that coordinates and controls body activities.
- Nervous system
- System that allows body to react to environment by providing sight, hearing, taste, smell, etc.
- Special Senses System
- System that carries oxygen and nutrients to body cells, carries waste products away from cells, and helps produce cells to fight infection.
- Circulatory system
- System that carries some tissue fluid and wastes to blood, assists with fighting infection.
- Lymphatic system
- System that breathes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide.
- Respiratory system
- System that digests food physically and chemically, transports food, absorbs nutriends, and eliminates wastes.
- Digestive system
- System that filters blood to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, produces and eliminates urine.
- Urinary system
- System that produces and secretes hormones to regulate body processes.
- Endocrine system
- System that reproduces human beings.
- Reproductive system
- Imaginary lines drawn through the body at various parts to separate the body into sections.
- Body planes
- horizontal plane that divides the body into a top half and a bottom half.
- transverse plane
- body parts above other parts.
- Superior
- Body parts below other parts
- Inferior
- body parts located near the head
- cranial
- Body parts located near the sacral region of the spinal column (tail)
- Caudal
- Divides the body into right and left sides
- Midsagittal (median) plane
- Body parts close to the midline, or plane.
- medial
- Body parts away from the midline
- Lateral
- Divides the body into a front section and a back section.
- Frontal (coronal) plane
- Body parts in front of the plane or on the front of the body
- Ventral, anterior
- Body parts on the back of the body
- Dorsal, posterior
- Body parts close to the point of refrence
- Proximal
- Body parts distant from the point of refrence
- Distal
- spaces within the body that contain vital organs
- Body cavities
- Long, continuous cavity located on teh back of the body
- Dorsal cavity
- Part of the dorsal cavity that contains the brain
- Cranial cavity
- Part of the dorsal cavity that contains the spinal cord
- Spinal cavity
- Separated into two distinct cavities by the dome-shaped muscle (diaphragm); larger than the dorsal cavities
- ventral cavities
- Located in the chest and contains the exophagus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, and large blood vessels
- thoracic cavity
-
Divided into an upper part and lower part
Upper: stomach, small intestine, most of large intesting, appendix, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen - Abdominal cavity
- Lower part of abdominal cavity; contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last part of large intestine
- Pelvic cavity
- Small cavity for the eyes
- Orbital cavity
- Small cavity for the nose structures
- Nasal cavity
- Small cavity for teeth and tongue
- Buccal cavity