vocab for genetics unit test
Terms
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- heredity
- biological inheritance
- genetics
- branch of biology that studies heredity
- self-pollination
- process in which pollen falls from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or between flowers of the same plant
- cross-pollination
- transfer of pollen from the flower of one plant to the flower of another plant
- purebred
- if allowed to (usually self)reproduce, then the offspring would be identical to the parents
- traits
- characteristics
- hybrid
- organisms produced by crossing parents with differing characters
- genes
- factors that control traits
- alleles
- different forms of a gene
- dominant
- the effects of these alleles are seen even if a contrasting recessive allele is present
- recessive
- the effects of these alleles are not seen if a dominant allele is present
- segregration
- separation of alleles
- Punnett square
- a diagram to determine possible gene combinations, using a series of letters (capital and lowercase) to represent various traits
- phenotype
- physical characteristics
- genotype
- genetic makeup
- homozygous
-
organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait
(purebred, essentially) - heterozygous
-
organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait
(hybrid, essentially) - independent assortment
- if genes are not connected, then they should segregrate independently
- probability
- the likelihood that a particular event will occur, but previous events do not affect future outcomes
- test cross
- the cross of an organism of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual
- homologous
- corresponding chromosomes from each parent
- diploid
- a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes (one set from each parent)
- meiosis
- a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half and the homologous chromosomes that exist in a diploid cell are separated
- crossing-over
- the exchange of portions of chromatids
- Did Mendel predict correctly about the structures that carry genes (chromosomes!) during meiosis?
- Yes, chromosomes pair and separate during meiosis exactly as Mendel would have predicted for the structures that carry genes
- sperm and eggs
- only one (out of four) of the cells produced by meiosis is used for reproduction in female cells. the other three become polar bodies, generally not used in reproduction. all four cells in male cells produced by meiosis become sperm, which is used for reproduction.
- chromosomes
- structures that behave in complex and interesting ways during cell divisions
- Where are genes located?
- genes are located on chromosomes
- Sutton's chromosome theory of heredity
- gnes are located on the chromosomes and each gene occupies a specific place on a chromosome
- linked genes
- genes that are inherited together and do not undergo independent assortment
- linkage group
-
genes that are inherited in a group (chromosomes!)
there is one linkage group for every homologous pair of chromosomes - recombinants
- individuals with new combinations of genes
- sex chromosomes
- chromosome that is different in males and females
- autosomes
- chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
- X chromosome
- sex chromosome; in humans, fruit flies and certain other organisms, females have two X chromosomes and males only have one
- Y chromosome
- male sex chromosome in humans, fruit flies, and certain other organisms