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1980's: Rajiv Gandhi sent troops to smash the rebels in Sri Lanka
Late 1990's: UN oil-for-food program
Nehru: led India
Arab-Israeli War of 1948: uprooted 700,000 Arabs from Palestine, un set up shelters, poverty-stricken camps have become permanent homes
1963: Kenyatta became the first prime minister of an independent Kenya
Middle eastern religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam
Afrikaners: descended from Dutch settlers, demanded server new limits on blacks
Kikuyu: dominant native tribe in Kenya
India's democratic constitution: justice, liberty, equality, fraternity
Pakistan in Cold war: felt threatened by India and the soviet union, joined united states
Saddam Hussein: leader of Iraq
Cecil Rhodes: took control of the region of Southern Rhodesia
Radical Groups: Hamas and Hizbullah, continued their terrorist attacks after the PLO had renounced terrorism
BJP: Bharatiya Janata party, congress party ruled India until 1990's, wanted election, wanted to unite government and religion
1975: Angola and Mozambique celebrated independence
1962: Algeria wins its freedom
Nelson Mandela: mobilized young South African, joined ANC, arrested in early 1960's, 27 years in prison, released by F.W. De Klerk, became first democratic president
Whites in South Africa: controlled vast mineral resources and the most fertile land, passed racial laws to keep the black majority in a subordinate position
Leopold Senghor: Senegal, skilled political organizers
1947: mass migration leading to violence, 10 million fled, 1 million died
Lebanon: diverse ethnic and religious groups
Women's groups: protested dowry laws
Bangladesh: Bengal Nation
1990: Namibia became independent
Cons of Apartheid: life of restrictions, clacks treated like foreigners, banned marriages between the races and set up segregated restaurants
Kurds: ethnic group decided by modern borders among Turkey, Iraq and Iran, efforts to win autonomy led to repression
1917: Balfour Declaration
Early 1990's: encouraged foreign investment
1954: FLN turned to guerrilla warfare to win freedom, France vs. Algeria
1999: new conflicts, India accused Pakistan of funding groups inside Kashmir who opposed Indian rule, tensions remain high
African troops: came home to discrimination and second-class citizenship at home
1979: shah actually leaves Iran
1970's reform: blamed social and economic ills on blind imitation of western models and applied Islamic principles to the search for solutions
Desbond Tutu: won the Nobel peace prize for nonviolent opposition to apartheid
Client states: dependent on the support of a stronger power
1947: united states sent aid to stop communist threat to turkey
African policies: new policies toward their African colonies, introduced political reforms that would lead to gradual independence, colonial powers soon learned that they could dictate neither the terms nor the pace of change
Aswan High Dam: upper Nile, created a huge reservoir, Lake Nasser, and two million acres of farmland, controlled Nile flood waters and made year round irrigation possible, increased salt content of the Nile, destroyed fish hatcheries
Perrez Musharraf: general, dismissed elected government and suspected constitution, promised to revise economy, fight corruption and restore a stable government
Taliban: fundamentalist Muslim group, gained power, restored order, but imposed an extreme form of Islam on Afghanistan, supported al-Qaeda
UN in Africa: joined after independence, contributed to and benefited from the UN, African served in UN peace missions
Partition: divide
Cold War affects: local conflicts within Africa, us and s.u. supported rival groups in southern Africa, two superpowers along the red sea became involved in a long and bloody war between Ethiopia and Somali, left a painful legacy, weapons came to tribes and clans who spread violence across the land
2000: Tensions led to renewed violence
Gamal Abdel Nasser: Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies
Hosni Mubarak: reaffirmed the peace with Israel, mended problems with Arab neighbors, and pushed for peace
Asian tigers: privatized industries and foreign investments, 1990's role in textile,
Violence in Lebanon: Israel invaded south to clear out PLO, Syria occupied eastern Lebanon, Palestinian refugee camps were under fire (thousands died), un peacekeeping tried to help but withdrew after hundreds of French and American peacekeepers were killed in suicide bombings
1980: Ayatollah Khomeini v. Saddam Hussein
Southern Rhodesia: Cecil Rhodes, settlers turned that into a British colony, whites made up 5% of populating but owned half the land, whites rejected any move to give power to the blacks
Un Failure: tried to help restore peace to Somalia, they withdrew, and Burundi and Rwanda tried to help feed refugees of civil war
1991 Gulf War: American missiles and bombers destroyed targets in Iraq, then under the UN banner, coalition forces pushed across the desert to liberate Kuwait, Iraqi blew up hundreds of Kuwaiti oil wells
1965: Southern Rhodesian declared independence
Modernization: advances
Superpower favoritism: supplied arms to governments it favored, (S.U disliked nations who pursued capitalism) boosted the power of the military, contributing to instability
Benazr Bhutto: 1988, 1990
Jomo Kenyatta: Kenya, skilled political organizers, leading spokesman for the kikuyu, supported nonviolent methods to end oppressive laws, imprisoned, then released as a national hero, became prime minister and then president
Women during Apartheid: had to get permission from parents or husband as well as authorities in order to move from district to another
1945: Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi had western backing but faced many opponents at home, pushed for modernization, used oil wealth to build roads and industries, supported by the army, and the westernized elite but opposition came from everywhere else
Kurds: forbidden to speak, publish or broadcast in their own language, nationalists continued to press for autonomy
Julius Neyerere: Tanzania, embraced socialism
Assassinated: a Jewish student who opposed Rabin's peace policy assassinated the prime minister who had signed the Oslo accords
Economic Policies: turned to socialism, depended on the industrial world, took foreign loans, built large projects in industry and agriculture
Indian women: gained vote, education
Nehru Dynasty: congress party dominated, BJP
1970: Nasser dies
Druze: sect derived from Islam
Joshua Nkomo: leader of an African nationalist group, fought with Mugabe over Zimbabwe, lost
Arab League: promoted Arab solidarity in times of crisis and worked for common economic goals
Kashmir: in Himalayas, Hindu monarch decided to join India, and its Muslim majority wanted to be part of Pakistan
December 12, 1963: Kenya regained freedom
PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization, whose goal was the destruction of Israel
PLO's in Lebanon: developed into an important force in the Palestinian refugee camps, they crossed intro Israel to attack civilian and military targets
Al-Qaeda: an international terrorist group led by Saudi named Osama bin Laden
1989: F.W. de Klerk is appointed president
2000: Beirut was poised for return to its status as a leading economic center of the middle east
Bill Clinton: extended Palestinian self-rule and arranged timetables for Israeli withdrawal from disputed lands
1910: South African won self-rule from Britain, limited to whites (20%)
Kwame Nkrumah: Ghana, skilled political organizers, impatient with Britain's policy of gradual movement, inspired by Marcus Gravey, studied nonviolent methods of India's Gandhi, organized a radical political party, tried to win concessions from Britain, imprisoned then became prime minister
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: civilian president, overthrown and executed by military
Bangladesh Population: 50 million people live below the poverty level
1981: Sadat was assassinated by Muslim extremists
African independent nations: Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia and South Africa
Nehru in Cold war: welcomed economic aid from superpowers, embraced nonaligned movement
Muslim Pakistan: two widely separated areas in north
1974: India first tested nuclear bomb
David Ben-Gurion: Israel's first prime minister
Western control: owned industries and banks, provided capital and technology needed, principal market for exports
Mandela's South Africa: whites (3/4) of land, black unemployment, and crime rate made unsafe
Mohandas Gandhi: turned to satyagraha
British/French mandates: won complete independence as Lebanon, Syria and Jordan
1912: ANC was set up to oppose white domination
1994: S.A first multiracial elections, Nelson Mandela won as new democratic S.A
Apartheid: separation of the races, all south Africans were registered by race, claimed that this would allow each race to develop its own culture, instead gave whites control over South Africa
Homelands: based on ethnic groups, located in arid, unproductive parts of the country
Nehru industry: built dams to produce hydroelectric power and poured resources into industries (steel)
Ruhollah Khomeini: Iranian religious leader who denounced the government
1973 OPEC oil embargo: showed that oil could be a powerful diplomatic and economic weapon
African Focus: health care, literacy, economic development, end to racism and imperialism, pressed nations of the global North to deal with the unequal distribution of wealth
August 15, 1947: Indian independence
1967 War: Israeli forces won the Golan heights from Syria, east Jerusalem and the west bank from Jordan and the gaze strop and Sinai peninsula from Egypt
1963: Organization of African Unity
Mau Mau: guerrilla warfare burned farms and destroyed livestock, hoping to scare whites, attacked settlers and Africans who worked with the colonial rulers
Middle eastern women: won voting rights and equality before the law
1973 War: Arabs attacked Israel but failed to regain territories, Israel refused to give up the territories until Arab nations recognized Israel's right to exist
1975-1992: rebels in Mozambique starved or killed tens of thousands of civilians, destroyed schools and health clinics
1999: powerful earthquakes shook western turkey, killing or injuring 10,000
FLN: National Liberation Front
Oil-Poor: Turkey and Egypt, lacked capital needed for development
Bangladesh Struggles: to rise out of poverty, geography stands in the way, large population is crowded on a low lying coastal plain
1985: Protest forced the gov. to impose a state of emergency
African inherited: borders drawn by colonial powers, often cause immense problems, new nations were made of hostile groups forced to live together in a same country, borders also split people of the same ethnic group into two separate nations, worked to build a sense of unity
Un Efforts: helped save millions from starvation in Biafra during Nigeria's civil war, responded to famine and other c rises that struck African nations
Kuwait: Iraqi argued that historically the region was part of Iraq, that would give Iraq one of the world's largest oil-producing areas but also access to the Persian gulf, this was seen as a threat to Saudi Arabia
Arab-Israeli Conflict: 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973
Ataturk Dam: goal was to irrigate southeastern turkey with water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers turning the region into a breadbasket
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini: (exiled) condemned western influences and accused the shah of violating Islamic law, Muslim fundamentalist
Yitzhak Rabin: Israeli prime Minster
Mandela's Promises: better life for the blacks, rich country with a strong industrial base, introduced new programs from public housings to school lunches
1980: Iraq invades Iran
Harijans: children of god
Anwar Sadat: took steps to open Egypt to foreign investment, moved away from the soviet camp
Egyptian Problems: economy could not keep pace with population, living in slums, miseries of urbanization
Ariel Sharon: conservative Israeli announced that there would be no further talks until all anti-Israeli terrorism ceased
OAU achievements: provided African nations with discussion and settlement, set up African Development Bank to control investment capital from foreign sources into development programs
1950's & 1960's: western cultural influences increased
Balfour Declaration: pledged support for a Jewish national home in Palestine, deepened tensions, both claimed a historical right to the land
Attacks on Mau Mau: forced into concentrations camps, combers pounded armed mau mau, totaled about 75 dead among whites and 13,000 Kenyans
Charles de Gaulle: president of France (1958)
1971: Bangladesh independence
1947: Hindu India + Muslim Pakistan
African education: emphasized elementary education; colonial rulers built more hospitals and schools. Established few secondary schools and a handful of universities, limited access to education
African heath care: western doctors developed vaccines for yellow fever and smallpox, helped reduce deaths from malaria more likely provided by missionaries rather than government
Recognized: formally agreed to treat it as a legitimate government
Middle eastern languages: over 30 different
1971: Pakistani ruler to crush rebels (millions fled to India) India attacked and defeated Palestine
Kibbutzim: collective farms produced crops for export
Osama bin Laden: planned and carried out 9-11
African economy: expensive manufactured goods and technology from the west, many large farms and mine were owned by westerners
1979: Anwar made peace with Israel
1960: policed gunned down 69 men and women taking part in a peaceful demonstration in Sharpeville, government outlawed ANC and cracked down on apartheid opposition groups
Antonio Salazar: Portuguese dictator, rejected African demands for freedom
Theocracy: government ruled by religious leaders
Blacks during Apartheid: permission to travel and had to carry passbooks or face arrest, assigned to homelands based on ethnic groups, paid less to work, low wages and inferior schooling
1990: Namibia became independent
India divided: hundred of states, wide languages
Rajiv Gandhi: grandson of Jawaharlal,
Jawaharlal Nehru: Indian's first prime minister, 1947-1964, worked to build modern state
OAU problems: impact was limited, because it had no power to enforce, also strongly opposed interfering in the internal affair of member states
January 30, 1948: Gandhi killed by Hindu extremists
European introduction: new crops, technologies, cash economies, built roads railroads harbors and cities, exporting raw materials and cash crops helped pay for European rule
Indian families: children (economic growth)
Oslo accord: based on secret discussions held earlier in Oslo, Norway. Signed by Arafat and Israeli prime minister, gave Palestinians in gaze and the west bank limited self-rule under an independent Palestinian authority headed by Arafat
F.W. de Klerk: abandoned apartheid, repealed the hated pass laws and lifted the ban on the ANC, freed Mandela, negotiated with Mandela over the terms by which S.A would move to majority rule
1999: Thabo Mbeki became president
1945: Africa was controlled by four European powers
Saddam Hussein: brutally suppressed all critics and persecuted Kurds and Shiites
Pros of Green Revolution: new seeds, chemical fertilizers and irrigation methods boosted output
Egypt and Iraq: leaders toppled monarchs who were tied to western powers
1979 to 1989: soviet troops supported a harsh communist government
Pakistan financial crisis: borrowed heavily from leaders such as the World Band and IMF
1980: Southern Rhodesia became the nation of Zimbabwe
War on terrorism: U.S. launched an attack on Afghanistan that drove the Taliban from power
Uhuru: freedom
Caste system: higher Hindus (better schools and jobs) 1990's tried to open jobs, Hindus protested
Cyclones: fierce circular windstorms
ANC: African National Congress set up to oppose white domination, organized marches,
Robert Mugabe: leader of an African nationalist group, fought with Nkomo over Zimbabwe, won and became the elected president, called for a one-party system to promote national unity and tolerated little opposition
Kwame's Actions: organized a radical political party, tried to win concessions from Britain
UN Economic Sanctions: kept Iraq from selling oil on the world market and from importing most goods, goal was to stop Saddam Hussein from building chemical and nuclear weapons, but the sanctions hurt the Iraqi people
Pakistan industries: encouraged private or mixed government and private ownership of businesses
Deforestation: destruction of forest land, caused terrible floods
Ian Smith: led independence for Southern Rhodesian, accepted a negotiated settlement
1989: end of the Iran-Iraq War and Khomeini's death
No-fly zones: areas over which Iraqi aircraft where not permitted to fly
Sri Lankans: Buddhists who speak Singhalese, , Tamil-speaking Hindu minority faced discrimination,
Jordan and Saudi Arabia: hereditary monarchs
Beirut: capital city of Lebanon
1984: Sikh separatists vs. troops of indir Gandhi (Amritsar)
Great liberation: 50 new African nations
Liberation War in Algeria: 1954 to 1962, France vs. Algeria, half-million French troops went to Algeria, thousands were killed, and hundreds of thousands of Algerians
"Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika": God Bless Africa
1956: nationalized Suez Canal
Turkey economy: expanded agriculture through increased irrigation and promoting industry, exported crops and manufactured good to Europe
India's population issues: population tripled, growth hurt improvements
SWAPO: Southwest African People's Organization
Kemal Ataturk: began campaign to transform turkey into a modern state
1964: Kenya becomes a republic and Kenyatta a president
Debt service: paying interest on loads, takes 40 percent of the nation's budget leaving little for development
Colonial expectations: African leaders would almost immediately transform authoritarian colonies into democratic nations
Muhammad Mosaddiq: nationalists in Iran's parliament voted to nationalize the oil industry
May 10, 1994: Nelson Mandela became South Africa's first president, marked a new beginning for South Africa
India's education system: literacy rate climbed, boys were more likely to go to school
Ayatollah: given to learned Shiite legal experts
2002: new afghan government set out on the difficult task of restoring peace
1980: Saddam seized a disputed border region from Iran, Iraqi forces then pushed deeper into Iran, Iraq used superior weapons (poison gas), attacked international tankers and offshore oil fields, dragged on for 8 years, ending in stalemate
1990: Lebanon finally had some order, PLO forced out of southern Lebanon, private armies disarm and the capital rebuilt
Yasir Arafat: headed the PLO
1957: Gold coast won independence
Intifadas: uprisings against Israeli occupation
Cons of Green Revolution: only farmers with enough land and money could afford to grown new crops, most used old, depending on methods, little surplus
Israeli development: built towns for settlers and provided many services, invested in industry and agriculture, skilled and educated work force, built factories and developed advanced farm methods
Key Waterways: Bosporus, Suez Canal and the Persian Gulf
1953: Us helped oust Mosaddiq
India in 1950: poor, uneducated, divided by change, region language and religious ethnic
Marcus Gravey: pan-africanist, set people thinking about the importance of African unity and culture
Zimbabwe: international sanctions further damaged the economy and droughts hurt, recovery was slowed by a power struggle between Mugabe and Nkomo, Mugabe won
Sonia Gandhi: widow of Rajiv Gandhi
1948: Israel became independent
1947: India independence
1990: Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait
European political system: undermined Africa's traditional political systems, they told Africans how to govern, and denied educated African top jobs in colonial governments
Hejab: cover given up by urban women
Ghana symbolism: gold coast (European interests in Africa) Ghana (linked the new nation with the region's African past)
Indira Gandhi: daughter of Jawaharlal, killed by bodyguards
PLO Destruction: massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics, bombings, hijackings
Oil-rich: Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, built roads, hospitals and schools
India's development: lacked oil and natural gas (essential to economic growth) relies on imported oil
Punjab region: Sikaha wanted independence
Algeria: Located across the Mediterranean from France
1998: Pakistan and India both tested nuclear weapons
1992: destruction of a mosque in Ajodhya, BJP, Hindu came because it was on sacred group
Masakhane: Mandela's slogan and policy, "let us build together"
Iraq and Syria: single party won power
Middle east: region between Europe and china, Japan and southeast Asia
Calcutta & Bombay: not enough jobs, no water or sewage
Early 1960's: UN peacekeepers helped stop the fighting in Zaire
Mother Teresa: roman nun, founded order in Calcutta (missionaries of charity)
OAU: Organization of African Unity, promoted cooperation among members, supported independence and sough peaceful settlements of disputes
India's 1950 constitution: banned discrimination of untouchables (lowest caste)
1975: Lebanon civil war
1920: South Africa receive Southwest Africa as a mandate from the League of Nations
1974: Army coup in Portugal topped Salazar's dictatorship
Cyprus: island in the eastern Mediterranean, conflict back to ottoman times, island is partitioned
1948: Afrikaner National party won majority in a "white-only" parliament
Indian Federal system: powers divided between central government and small local, 15 official languages and 35 regional
Maronites: Christian sect held the most power
Gold Coast: first African nation south of the Sahara to win freedom, British colony
November 1979: students take the American embassy for 444 days
1984: Desmond Tutu wins Nobel peace prize
Kashmir: India's largely Muslim providence
1947: Un drew up plans to partition Palestine in to a Arab and Jewish state, Jews accepted it, but Arabs rejected it
SEWA: self-employed women's association, formed production, opened banks, provided education
Muhammad Ali Jinnah: leader of Muslim league, wanted Muslims to have own state (Pakistan)
Westernization: democracy, freedom of speech
Israel and Turkey: multi party democratic systems (Kurds & Arabs faced restrictions)
Turkey government: multiparty democracy
Islamic fundamentalists: wanted to separate religion and government
Arab-Israeli: united states helped Israel while the soviet union gave aid to the Arabs
Desalinization: plants that convert salty sea water into fresh water
Militias: bands of citizen soldiers, who battled for control of billages and of Beirut

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