Arch 210

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Hubsch's essay In What Style Should We Build: Surveys past styles, not to pick the best one but to discern basic principles of any style
elevator: This invention allowed for more inhabited height; Safety brakes influential to dynamic popularity
Jefferson: Admired works by Soufflot, Ledoux in Paris. French architects urged him to study ancient architecture directly. Saw one building - Maison Carree (republican rome)
Washington DC: Planning ideas from baroque, rome and versailles
Paris Opera: Focus of an urban Island; Streets set it apart, new avenue connect to the louvre; District developed with fine hotels and retail
Semper: Believed Stylistic Chaos (greek? gothic? new?) meant modern world lacks a coherent "world view"
Jefferson: suggests surveyors divide land into 6-mile squares ('townships') with 36 'sections'
Wright: Prairie Style Houses - organic relation to site with a horizontal emphasis; Viollet Le Duc
Pugin: Wrote "The true principles of pointed or christian architecture"
Arts and crafts dilemma: hand crafted objects were expensive but luxurious. Craft look was easy to mass produce cheaply
Victorian Ideal: Home as sanctuary; women and children are protected from harsh, immoral world
Gropius: Directed the Bauhaus - Alter social structure of art and architecture by teaching both fine and applied art
Botticher: Professor at Berlin Bauakademie - Like Schinkel and Hubsch, seeks synthesis of Greek and Gothic, structure and style as solution to polarized debate
Acropolis: Jeanneret's most inspirational site was the __________ in athens
Vienna: Like Barcelona, Defensive walls defined city form; walls were torn down and then new development started. Unlike Paris, old city was left alone
Semper: Wrote Science, Industry and Art
Botticher: Whats good about Greek and Gothic - Their unity between skin and bones
Jefferson: Grid structures U.S. geography: state & county lines, railroads, towns, farms
Mission of Modern france and medieval history: restore and protect important medieval buildings
Schinkel: Built Bauakademie's new building in 1830s
Venturi: Wrote "Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture"
Bauakademie's New Building: "Prussian" Brick construction system of frame & infill
Jefferson: Believed independent farmers living on the land were the social foundation of democracy
Gothic Ornament: reflects northern tribal aesthetic
Wagner: Stop using historical styles! Let architecture reflect our time, modern life and construction technology
Venturi: Architects: Stop pretending buildings arent symbols. Decide how and what to communicate
Ruskin: he inspired a british anti-industrial movement: handmade objects are more beautiful and make a better society
Modernized: New construction for Fascist Rome ________ History
Glass Tower: After WWII, _________ feasible because of AC and insulated glass; symbol of international diplomacy, idealism and big business
Washington DC and Paris: Cities where Streets point to the monuments
Parks: Considered "urban lungs" giving healthy recreation and contact with nature for city dwellers: "morally beneficial"
Sullivan: Building should look like classical column - base, shaft, and capital
Cottage Residences: begins american love affair with suburban living
England: First to switch from agrarian to industrial economy
Empire: Abstracted Geometric classicsm: harsher, more modern, but clear associations with ____________
King Ludwig of Bavaria: Munich = Modern Capital for a Modern State, Parthenon = Perfect Model - its role in building ancient greek unity was appropriate for the German cause.
Cerda: Wrote "General Theory of Urbanization"; first urban theory instead of a list of city requirements
The international style: reduces modern architecture to 3 artistic principles: No symmetry, no ornament, and no visual weight
Speer and Hitler: Their Vision was for an axial boulevard through gigantic triumphal arch to largest pantheon copy ever
Mom's house: Ironic use of traditional Home elements; not just conventional
Monticello: Jefferson's Home: first and longest project. Palladian but more like a palladio. Set on top of a hill dominating the landscape (villa rotunda); focus of house extended into landscape
Iron Columns: Used in brand new gothic style church in paris: takes aesthetic of lightness even further
Polemical: Designed to provoke debate, to be radical, controversial and inspire action
Gropius: Fagus Factory Celebrates the curtain wall; floating glass
Le Corbusier: The house is a machine for living in designed to deliver health, beauty, good living, and enjoyment
Viollet Le Duc: medieval mindset with modern capacity. Imagines composite structures of masonry and metal. Think iron struts supporting huge stone, tile, brick vaults would mean larger spaces, less material, lighter loads, and less cost
Style: Questions as far as what _________ a skyscraper is.
Semper: Not one fixed 'truth' but a model of how form evolves: Social needs and technological advances means new forms
Bauakademie's New Building: Ornament is mostly color, pattern and rhythms of the brick
Schinkel: Decided extreme abstraction was an error. Needed balance between Structure, history and poetry
Hubsch: Studied philosophy and mathematics before architecture
Reason: One of three ruling fictions: Architecture can embody truth of its origins (laugier), geometric perfection (alberti, le corbusier) or rational method (durand), but faith in reason is faith, not reason
Parliment: Designed by Sir Charles Barry (classically trained architect) with Pugin being a design consultant. Had to be Gothic.
Schinkel: Began as Gothic Romanticist - saw medieval workshops as social ideal of collective work: a community building its identity.
Mussolini: Use roman past to proclaim italy's destiny
Grotesqueness: Free craftsmen interpret models creatively
Italian: Unlike Nazis, ______ fascists accepted Modern Architecture
Greek Classicism: "Belongs" to Germany as much as Greece
Jeanneret: synthesized multiple ideas about modern architecture into an influential doctrine; most influential model of the modern architect's identity
US: Most ____ Projects practical not symbolic
Beecher Sisters: Published designs for improved urban housing; emphasis in the efficient mechanical core of services
Loos: Ornament like graffiti and tattooing is typical of children, primitive cultures and criminals
Gothic: Must be unity between who is making it and how it looks
Cologne Cathedral: Supported by Kings of Prussia and Bravaria
Sullivan: Architecture should be an organic result of culture; nature is a universal source of beauty
Hitler: Believed in Heroically Monumental national Architecture
Morris: Most prominent leader of arts and crafts movement. author, product designer, and socialist
Wagner: Moderne Arkitektur - Modernity: not ornamental style but expression of construction
Greenough: Felt americans should build like Naval Architects
Le Corbusier: Essay " Five Elements of his new architecture"
French Pride: Rationality, Engineering, Industry
Modern City: Major Architectural challenge: how to improve the ______ _____
Paxton: Gardener and greenhouse designer. Designs glass and iron structures using all mass produced components. Designed the Crystal Palace.
True Gothic: Outward Forms + Internal Elements =
Hubsch: Publiched 1828 Essay - "In What Style Should We Build?" which ignites controversy
Ruskin: Appalled by the crystal palace and refused to go inside
official academy opinion: Felt gothic style inappropriate even for new church buildings
Process: style not just image but _______
Cerda: Tears down Barcelona Walls and creates a plan that is 10 times the original size; Imposes axial avenues and nodes over a grid of streets
Parliment: Mostly symmetrical and orderly plan which reflected Barry's Classical training. Medieval feel through Pugin's ornament and decoration
Eisenman: Wrote "The end of the classical, the end of the beginning, the end of the end"; argues architecture is trapped in a renaissance mentality
Skyscrapers: Bridge = commuters = office buildings = _______
Seven lamps of architecture: Book - Laws of architecture are those of morality and ethics
Picturesque: Designed to look as if it evolved naturally
Johnson and Hitchcock: MOMA Catalog - The International Style: Architecture since 1922
Ringstrasse: New, needed Viennese Institutions (town hall, university, parliment) located around a "beltway"
Viollet Le Duc: Appointed at Beaux Arts as a modernization of arts policy. Disaster - Quit after 2 months
Semper: Believed a building was not one technology but needs all four (fire, mound, roof, enclosure)
Schinkel: Most important architect in 19th Century Germany
Hubsch's essay In What Style Should We Build: Belief in Progress - more building experience means better building technology
Hubsche's Book on Greek Architecture: Style reflects place, time, culture, and materials
Grew after Napoleonic invasions: Cause of German nationhood
Vienna Academy: First to support Modernism
Nazi Party: Had strong architecture feelings and how Germany would be portrayed
The Opera: Paris - Triumph of Beaux-Arts planning and monumentality; separate entrances for the emperor, carriages and pedestrians
Schinkel: Produced designs of "Pure Radical Abstraction"
Colonial Style: "Georgian", modified english palladianism
Washington Mall: Used by Vaux and Olmsted for Central Park in NYC
Gothic: Americans adopted _______ for both churches and homes
Loos: Links Architecture with fashion
redundance: generous ornament
Layered: A _______ Structure: basement and attic - mechanical, ground floor and mezzanine - most public functions, layers of offices going up as high as technology permits
Winckelmann's Influence: If Greek high classicism is the "Best Ever", why choose anything else?
Gothic: Style rejected by the academy in France. Some appreciation; structure and spatial openness.
Strasburg Cathedral: Intensive Feelings of the German People
Sullivan: wrote "The tall office building, artistically considered" - How should a skyscraper look? Should be every inch a proud and souring thing, aesthetic of height
Changefulness: Free Craftsmen pointed arch
Sublime: Nazi projects for national monuments: __________ -scale stage sets for political spectacles of domination and unity
Structural Rationality: Gothic as Ideal - not just a style; way of building that makes sense
Faith: Post Functionalism - Whats gone: ________ in stable, single meaning
Haussmann: Introduced new wide roads connecting train stations ringing the city, cutting through bad areas, leading to important monuments in Paris
Wagner: Successful classical style architect
Semper: Part of Dresden's republican uprising of 1849, Refugee in Exile in Paris and London; Couldn't build so he thought and wrote
Johann Herder: Attacks Winckelmann - "Why should we always imitate foreigners, as if we were greeks or romans?"
L'Enfant: grew up at Versailles; trained as painter and engineer
Pugin: His Picture book showed how great medieval england was and how horrible it is in the 19th century. Links decline of Faith, design and society
Crystal Palace: responsible for new building technology means new sociology of construction. "Miracle Building"
Paris: Important influence on American Architects
Sachlichkeit: rationality; objectivity - direct expression of modern reality, not individual creative expression
Venturi: decorated Sheds are more practical and easier to read
Ruskin: The function of ornament is to make you happy. Classical ornament is bad - invented to make plagiarists of its architects, slaves of its workmen and sybarites of its inhabitants
Botticher: Wrote a book on greek and gothic construction: Argues there were two basic ways to enclose volume - Greek Trabeation (post & beam) and Gothic Arcuation (vaults)
Ruskin: Felt the stones of venice best embodied by the gothic. Favorite flavor of gothic was venetian. Color should come naturally from the materials - no paint
Venturi: Returns to the question: What is the meaning of Architecture?
Mies: best early designs are non buildings; loved luxury, refinement (like Loos)
Downing: landscape gardener influenced by english picturesque theory
Hubsche's Book on Greek Architecture: Architecture should be liberated from "chains of antiquity"
Tension: Post Functionalism - Whats left: ____________multiple meanings, fragmentation
Botticher: Structural "skeleton" and artistic "skin" are separate systems, but "skin" should express (reveal and explain) and nature of the "bones"
Gropius: Influenced by Le Corbusier's call to mass produce houses and industrialize architecture itself.
Venturi: Likes Growded messy decorated cities: visually interesting; Less is more = less is a bore
Skyscraper: Contributes to the search for an American Style
Le Corbusier: Like Ledoux - Architect as prophet to transform society
Cerda: Critical of haussmann's approach to city planning; felt haussmann impossed image of order over unresolved social needs and issues
Viollet Le Duc: His method of design included Program + Site Analysis, then Plan. dont impose symmetry. Determine best enclosure for plan. Then Create elevations. The Result is an organic plan - a natural not formal design process
Viollet Le Duc: Put in charge of restoring Vezelay. Learned about medieval design and construction by restoring churches.
Georg Forster: Praised Cologne Cathedral for its "thrill of the sublime"
Morris and Company: Company's goals: keep tradition of hand made objects alive, let style derive from production and nature, and reform middle class taste.
Propaganda: meant to spread his "gospel" of architecture
Semper: Wrote Four Elements of Architecture
Real Modernism: A sensibility based on the fundamental displacement of man; state of alienation, tension or absence
Hunchback of Notre dame: A book that praises gothic cathedrals as emblems of french culture. Inspired Viollet Le Duc to study architecture
Sullivan: Form Follows Function - Follows Bottischer, Greenough, and Viollet Le Duc
bad inside good outside: exterior is good, true architecture is freely hand made
Paris: Renewal of _________ as a modern city meant several poor parisians displaced over 18 years. Targeted the poor and served the Bourgeoisie
Schinkel: Asked "Every principal age has left behind its architectural style. Why should we not seek to discover a style for our own age?"
Le Corbusier: The architect: create the doric order for a new age
Gropius: Monumental Factory suggests dignity of workers
Northern Colonies: Architecture consisted of english vernacular traditions (in woods, brick)
Heinrich Hubsch: Traveled Italy and Greece for 4 years, preferred medieval and byzantine to classical architecture
Mussolini: made peace with the Vatican by clearing houses to form a Straight street leading up to the Vatican
UVA Campus: Classical dignity, decentralized design, separate distinct pavilions extend into the landscape; focus of campus was library
Advertising: Company Iconic buildings served as
Loos: famous essay "Ornament and Crime" - Racist rant showing cultural anxiety
Five Points: (Le Corbusier) Raise Building on Pilotis, Free Plan, Free Facade, Ribbon Windows, Roof Garden
Le Corbusier: Modern architecture should be as aesthetically pure and timeless as the parthenon
Crystal Palace: Buildings Started Construction revolution. Sublime Scale
Tall: New Engineering Technology: Build fast, cheap, light, _____
Garnier: Viollet Le Duc Sumitted a design for The Opera but ___________ won the competition instead
The Opera: Most important public building in late 19th century Paris; Multiple entrances depending on social status
Semper: Believed Technologies and aesthetics were linked - Fire to Ceramics, Mound to Masonry, Roof to Carpentry, Enclosure to Textiles
Paris market: Area of Paris Redesigned after crystal palace as all iron & glass
Chicago Skyscrapers: Investments for rental, not as corporate logos
Manet: Cultural Movement inspired by French Avant-Garde Painting by
L'Enfant: Plan for DC included a grid overlaid with axial boulevards
Semper: Professor of architecture at Dresden Academy of Fine Arts - Built Synagogue, Royal Theater
Pugin: The way people build reflects the way people believe and way community comes together
Morris and Company: Business based on an artists colony: furniture, textiles, wallpaper, interior design.
ornament: happiness from ________ (ruskin's ideas)
Greenough: Used classical style for Washington's sculpture but opposed classical style for American Architecture
Pugin: Felt the only acceptable style for the true expression of Chirstianity was Gothic
Loos: Architecture is classical and ornate. Expensive but simple elegance; plain exterior, fancy interiors
Hubsche's Book on Greek Architecture: Greek style cant and shouldnt be translated to different places
Jefferson: Rome is an appropriate model for architecture of new US government institutions
Hubsch: Wrote book on Greek Architecture
Haussmann: Appointed perfect of the Seine; Made responsible for city modernization
Germans: First to Europe to link gothic style to "national" identity for Political Reasons
Efficiency: Beecher: See the house through a woman's eyes: _________ through space, planning, and ergonomics in the kitchen, work place, and utilities
Rundbogenstil: Hubsch's solution. The first modern style. Short lived style, long lived question
Gothic: Type of architecture continuously used in England and part of search for Germany's own architecture
Jefferson: Southern plantation owner and enlightenment era idealist - first person to present ideas of what american architecture should be
Viollet Le Duc: Became critical of people he hires and more frustrated with people from Beaux Arts
Chicago: Skyscraper evolves in both NYC and _______
Crystal Palace: Structure not built by craftsmen but assembled by unskilled laborers
Downing: Believes it is crucial to relate house and nature
Paris Bohemian: Joins artistic avant-garde; helps start L'Esprit Nouveau - radical journal on art & architecture; becomes Le Corbusier
History: One of three ruling fictions: Architecture is timeless through universal value( perfect past styles) or pure presentness (zeitgeist) but no one moment can provide eternal validity
Hubsch's essay In What Style Should We Build: Any Style requires Solidity and Suitability (Firmitas & Utilitas)
Straight Street: Like Popes in Rome, Napoleon wanted to Regularize Paris; Image: Orderly facade, protected arcades for pedestrians
Medieval Guild: model for healthy integration of production, art and society. Wont make society better but better stuff.
Grand Staircase: At the Opera, all entrances led to the _______________ _______: The stage where the Parisians showed off for each other
1700s: Time period where the first writings praised Gothic as a "German" Style
Goethe: Wrote essay "On German Architecture" 1772
City as organism: managed, structured growth to accommodate people's social, economic and physical needs; Block corners chamfered: every intersection is a piazza
Downing: Like Jefferson, argued country life is better than city life because it makes people moral, strong and patriotic
Downing and Vaux: landscape Design of the mall: natural designs unpopular, replaced with formality
Loos: Despite rhetoric, doesn't oppose all ornament
Vienna: The Buildings in gardens face and define the street; Prophetic of the 20th century Freeway
Obelisk: Rome-like Urbanism: America Needs at least one ________
Correct Style for the New State: Strong, Simplified Classicism for public institutions; Dignity without Extravagance
Viollet Le Duc: book on house design: Defines a design method in common use today
Greek Trabeation and Gothic Arcuation: Both were equally valid principles: Greek symbolism and Gothic space
Iron: greater strength, less material than stone, brick or wood. Mass production makes them abundant and cheap.
Wagner: Ornament trasnforms images of plants, flowers as geometric patterns (weatherproof garden in the city)
Mies: Reduce architecture to its essence to discover its aesthetic potential; Less is more, god is in the details
Viollet Le Duc: after 1863; Less interested in gothic style and more in applying gothic principles to modern construction
Sullivan: Impressed by Marshall Field Wholesale Store; skyscraper with simple exterior style, heavy stone & arches, floors visible as horizontal layers
Eyes which do not see: Chapters which present ships, airplanes, and automobiles as new icons of design (Le Corbusier)
The glass Tower: Le Corbusier's Domino structure + Gropius' curtain wall + american height = Miesian Perfection
Propaganda: Mussolini used Rome's archaeology and architectural history as ____________
Gropius: Unlike Le Corbusier - Saw architecture as engine of social revolution
Greenough: Wrote "American Architecture" - US should stop looking to Europe for culture and styles, Unique geography, culture and institutions require new style of architecture
Botticher: Wrote a book on Greek Architecture - Skin and Bones
Victoria and Albert: Needed a structure for the international exhibition of industrial products that had to be enormous, fast, economical and removable
Eisenman: Promotes and embodies architect as an intellectual
Modern Architecture: Serves many idologies: Fascist party headquarters, socialist revolution, postwar US Capitalism
Jefferson: Critical of colonial buildings: new nation should not borrow symbols from england - his architectural ideas came from both england and france
Ruskin: Wrote the "seven lamps of architecture"
Beecher: Novelist; founded a school for girls; better homes = better society, both can be improved through design
Southern Colonies: Aristocratic models for owners
Walhalla: Temple to great germans overlooking Danube
Place Royale: Paris was overcrowded and dense; First open space in Paris
Ornament: The Difference between Architecture and Building
Hubsch's essay In What Style Should We Build: begins decades of debate "Not just greek vs roman vs gothic" - Asks "Do new times demand a new style?"
Pugin: Published Book entitled "Contrast or a parallel between the noble edifices of the middle ages and corresponding buildings of the present day, shewing the present decay of taste" - Leans toward medieval buildings
Loos: No ornament means less time and effort; gives workers more leisure and pay
Loos: Architecture must be a modern gentlemen; simplicity and refinement define status
Simplified: New Rome: Abstracted, ___________ rather than direct copy
Ruskin: First professor of art history at oxford university
L'Enfant: French volunteer in U.S. Revolution; chosen by Washington as planner, Jefferson = consultant
Viollet Le Duc: Restored several churches including Notre Dame.
Viollet Le Dec: Writes 10 Volume Encyclopedia of Medieval Architecture
Cottage residences: Downing: a variety of houses that suit and express owner's status
mental tendencies: good ornament reflects builders' _________
Vienna Secession: Sponsored art shows; no single style, generally structured naturalism
Wasmuth Portfolio: Abstract drawings of wright buildings; emphasize wright's geometry
Greenough: Form should reflect a direct response to function; also uses human body as an example of good design (organic structure)
Roman Republic: New US Government structure modeled on _______________
Viollet Le Duc: Argues Gothic aesthetics are distinct from the classical - Not inferior
Bauakademie: Berlin's new architecture school, modeled on Paris' Ecole Polytechnique
Modern Classicism: Image of timeless perfection that transcends academic copying, aesthetic goal
Representation: One of three ruling fictions: architecture looks like architecture via symbolism (classical temples, factories), but just pretending
Beaux-Arts: School - emphasis on image of solidity, stability, history
German Architects: Their Style was responsible for Nation-Building
Napoleon III: Came to power on law & order, pro-business platform; secure, stable Paris requires a New Paris
Vasari: made gothic a pejorative term; Barbaric
zeitgeist: "Spirit of the age"; new architecture reflects a new social and spiritual reality
Mies: Also pursued the zeitgeist but not a social visionary like Gropius; Avant-garde Aesthetics, no politics
Friedrich Wilhelm II, King of Prussia: Schinkel's most influential work
Paris: With the addition of the Opera, this city set the standard for an impressive Modern City
rigidity: strength and endurance
Viollet Le Duc: Praises the gothic for its elasticity. Vaulting holds forces in equilibrium. Efficient engineering - great height and volume, minimal material. Consistency between ornament and structure
Mies: Like Le Corbusier, pursuit of beauty and perfection
Cerda: Arch/Eng sent to Paris and studied Haussmann's Changes to Paris; Employed to Change plan for Barcelona
Naturalism: Ornament follows not human design but god's. based on nature (plants, animals)
Sullivan: Search for organic american architecture influenced Frank Lloyd Wright as well
Jefferson: Designed university of Virginia - Public education was crucial for public participation in democracy
Hubsch's essay In What Style Should We Build: Reflects Hegel - philosophy of evolving, advancing culture
Semper: Revisits the primitive hut - Goal was not classicism but "best" style
Von Klenze: "There was, is and will only ever be one architecture"
Vers Une Architecture: Published book compiled out of Esprit Nouveau essays
Viollet Le Duc: Writes on Gothic construction and design principles: Gothic becomes subject of archaeological interest
Ignores: ________ the details: acropolis, temples = simple geometric forms, procession through site
Ringstrasse: Street circles old city, provides links to suburbs but keeps them separate
Botticher: A new style must evolve. Reflect new building technologies or else everything is just a costume; Truly modern forms will emerge from a modern material: Iron
Le Corbusier: The Purified City - Whats good for the single house is even better for the city
New York city: To break up the dense development, a park is suggested as a break in the grid

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