Poli Sci 2 2
Terms
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- Politics is the process of who gets what, when and how
- Harold Lasswell
- Politics
- process whereby binding value allocations are made for a collectivety
- Nation
- a terminal political community (one requiring absolute loyalty).
- Specific support
-
-instrumental, calculative,
-insufficient for political stability - Diffuse support
-
-emotional
-attchment to the system for "its own sake"
-creates "store of good will" - 3 levels of a political system:
-
-officials
>>office holders
-Regime
>>"constitutional order"
-community
>>membership grp - causes of demand overload
-
-too many demands for the regime to process
-insufficient resources available to the system
-existing pattern of resource allocation - Sources of Power:
-
-force
-materials
-legitamacy
>>moral claim - Force compliance structure:
- Coercive
- Rewards comp. struc.
- Utilitarian
- Legitamacy comp. struc.
- Authoritative (normative)
- Coercive Comp. Struc.
-
-costly
-inefficient
-alienation - Utilitarian Compliance Struct.
-
-unstable
>>scarcity = instability
-unreliable
>>collective goods, free riders
-costly - Authoratative (Normative) Comp. Struct.
-
-legitamacy
-effiecient - Legitamacy
- -a belief that the ruler has a right to command obedience and the subject has a moral obligation to comply
- How is legitamacy created?
- utility + ideology
- 3 forms of Authority:
-
-rational-legal
-traditional
-charismatic
-expertise - Rat-Legal auth.
-
-procedural authority
-authority constrained by specific rules
-violations lead to loss of legit. - Traditional Authority
-
-legit.:social status + custom
-authority excersized as a personal privlige
>>broad parameters for exercising power
-bond between ruler and ruled is known as mutual loyalty and diffuse reciprocity - Charismatic Authority
-
-based on personal legitamacy
>leader unconstrained, requires absolute loyalty
-bond only exists btwn leader and followers (only in their minds) - Bases of nationhood
-
-ethnic
-theocratic
-Civic nation (individual volition) - characteristics of communalism:
-
-intense (violent) conflict
>>domestic politics becomes like int'l politics
-politics of collective punishment
-seccesion
-hostile environ for democracy
>>election = centrifugal mobiliztion
>>elite counter action:
^^single party state
^^managed electoral comp.
^^power sharing (consociationalism)
-threat to economic develpt
>>impediment to moblzng sacrifice
>>resrce trsfrs are poli. xplsve
>>econmclly irrational allocation of resources - Consociationalism
-
-proportional representation
-grand coalition
-mutual veto
>>agrment among communal elites
>>no mass mobilization - Elements of Political culture
-
1-cognition
>>empirical beleifs
2-values
3-emotional commitments - Ideology VS. Political Culture
-
-P.C. is trnsmtted by socialization
-ideology is not, it is imposed - Issue Scope
- defines which wants are appropriate
- classical liberalism
- -oppsd to gov't intervention in economy and society
- New Deal Liberalism
-
-pro gov't intervention if the economy
-anti gov't "" in personal lives of peps - American Conservatism
-
-hostile to gov't intervention in econ. and society
-wants gov't to shape individuals thoughts and behvrs - Lockian Liberalism
-
-atomized individuals
-individ competetion
-priv property
-egalitarian ethic
-rejct collective action - What Produces conformity?
-
1-Social Reality Principle
>>
2-Instrumental value of conforming
>>direct:grp locomotion effect
>>indirect:social pressre to confrm
^^acces to grp based resrces
3-reference grp behvr
>>psychological id with a grp - Civil Society
- social space autonomous from state control
- Cmpnts of Industrial Order
-
1-production geared to exchange, not subsistence
2-use of non-animate srces of power
3-app. of scientific and engineering knowledge to production
4-factrs of production concentrated in lrg units (factories, cities) - Modernization
-
1-individuation replaces corpratism
2-strct diff
3-moderation of pltcal climate>>>leds to cross-cutting cleavages. - req's for a civil society
-
1-social strata with interst in limiting state's reach
2-scl strata able to resist state
>fincially, militarily, organizational
3-autonomy bcms embedded - welfare Paradox
-
-to get more mteral wealth state must accept less mteral wealth in shrt
-indus. will lead to extreme of this due to:
1-social overhead investment
2-capital (producer) goods investment
>there is a lag btwn invstmnt and grwth - How did Britain get over WP?
-
1-industrial rev preceded mass democracy
>>lack of political participation
2-imperialism
>>slvs
>>colonialism
all redced effect of the WP - Democ & Indus. In the US
-
-political culture
-immigration
-political struct. - Lennist Mobilization System
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-command economy
-elimination of civil society - state-managed capitalism
-
-econ. intervtist state
-"managed comp"
-exprt orientiation is key to succes
-labor repression - Soviet Econ strat.
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1-high levels of capital accumulation
2-concerntration of industry (especially heavy)
3-rural collectivization - Lenninist Mblztion system
-
1-rapid indus
2-ttl moblztion of all rsrces
3-nationalis
4-"vanguard party"
5-normative + coercive compliance struct. - Perestroika
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restructuring of the economy,
1-shift away from heavy industry
2->intro of markets to replace central admin control
>>intro of prv prprty - Glasnost
-
political opening.
>gain suprt of mdlle class
>weaken brcrtic interests
>create transparency
*eventually undermines perestroika - Black Labor Repression
-
1-land segregation
>>Native Land Act of 1913
*87% of land reserved for whites
2-made it illegal for black labor organization and strikes too