AP Euro Section 3
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Events leading to the Scientific Revolution
- Discovery of the New World, Invention of the Printing Press, Rivalry among Nation-States, Reformation,and Renaissance Humanism
- Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
- Took the works of Aristotle and harmonized them with the teachings of the church
- Aristotle
- ancient Greek philosopher
- Ptolemy (c.85-165 A.D) and the Medieval view of the universe
- Ptolemy was a Greek astronomer, whos system of the Universe was followed by the medieval peoples; The Ptolemaic system had Earth as a stationary object which heavenly bodies moved around
- Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)
- a Polish mathematician and astronomer who wrote "Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" which countered the Ptolemaic system
-
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
&
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) -
Tycho Brahe developed a system where the moon and sun revolved around the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun;
Johannes Kepler developed system off of Copernicus' where the planets orbited the sun in eliptical motion - Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
- Made many advanced discoveries about the moon, the planets and their moons, with his invention of the telescope; Wrote "Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World"; condemmed by the Church
- Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
- Wanted to solve the problem of how to explain the orderly manner in which the planets revolve around the sun. worked for 2 decades until he published "Principia"; also father calculus and the idea that light is made up of different rays
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
- One of the philosophers affercted by the new science of the Scientific Revolution wrote 3 major works:The Advancement of Learning, Novum Organum, and New Atlantis; which all attacked medieval scholasticism
- Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
- French philosopher who was seen as the anti-Bacon; Famous Quote: "I think, therefore I am"
- Blaise Pascal (1623-16662)
- A Jansenist Catholic, who wrote "Pensees"
- Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and absolutism
- Hobbes personally knew Galileo, Bacon and Descartes, and applied their experimental methods toward the natural world to politics. Wrote "Leviathan" and proposed the necessity for absolutism.
- John Locke (1632-1704)
-
Wrote "Two Treaties on Government" which served to be critical for the intellectual development of the founders of the U.S.A.
the basic ideas: that man has certain liberties that cannot be taken away by a government - philosophes
- the thinkers of the Enlightenment age
- Voltaire (1694-1778)
- French philosophes who moved to England, wrote "Candide", and became a Erupe-wide celebrity with his involvement in the case of Jean Calas
- Montesquieu (1689-1755)
- Fully known as Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, wrote to what is said to be the most influential work of the Enlightenment:"Spirit of the Laws".
- Denis Diderot (1713-1784)
- was the father of the Encyclopedia; example of the 18th century belief that all knowledge could be organized and presented in a scientific manner
- Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
- Most radical of the philosophes; wrote "The Social Contract"; his ideals helped set the stage for the Romantic Movement
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
-
Greatest figure in the German
Enlightenment; wrote
"Critique of Pure Reason" - Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
- Italian philosophes who wrote "Crime and Punishment" which called for a complete overhaul in the area of jurisprudence.
- David Hume (1711-1776)
- Scottish philosopher, who pushed his thinking father than that of the French philosophes and into atheism; wrote "Inquiry into Human Nature"
- Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)
-
Scottish author who reflected the growing interest in history during the Enlightenment. With
"Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" he criticized the rise of Christianity in the Empire - Adam Smith (1723-1790)
- A professor at the University of Glasgow; published "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" in which he argues agains mercantilism
- Marquise de Pompadour
- Louis XV's mistress who helped Diderot publish the Encyclopedia and avoid censorship
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- first woman to openly publish the ideas of women voting and holding office in "Vindication of the Rights of Women"
-
enlightened absolutists
a.k.a. despots - Rluers such as Catherine the Great, Joseph II, and Frederick II who could safely toy with the ideas of the philosophes without threatening their own power
- Frederick William "the Great Elector" (r. 1640-1688)
- ruler of Brandenburg, and served as one of the electors of the Holy Roman Emperor. Made an agreement with the Prussian nobles (Junkers)inorder to create an army: Junkers got control over the serfs
- Frederick the Great (r. 1740-1786)
- Prussian King freed the serfs on royal estates, but to keep the Junkers happy, did not free serfs on private estates. Brought an end to capital punishment.
- Maria Theresa
- Empress of Austria who pushed a series of reforms that removed some hardships off the serf population.
- Pragmatic Sanction
- allowed the assorted Habsburg lands to remain intact under one ruler, and granted the right for a female to succeed the throne of Austria because there was no direct male heir
- Diplomatic Revolution
- Maria Theresa worked out an alliance with France and eventually Sweden and Russia; led to the Seven Years War
- Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)
- Russian tsar who did the most to westernize Russia and turn it into a major european power.
- Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796)
- Toyed with ways to apply the ideas of Montequieu and Voltaire to her still smei-barbaric state. Began the process of revising and codifying Russian law
- Robert Walpole
- Was Chancellor of the Exchequerfrom 1721 to 1741 and became known as Great Britain's first "Prime Minister"
- Jansenists
- a Catholic sect that held beliefs on predestination that were similar to Calvinist views