Political Science 365 Midterm Review
Terms
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- Realism
- Political outlook in which states are the main actors, morality is irrelevant, might is what decides is right, and states inevitably seek to maximize their power.
- Liberalism
- International law, morality, and non-state actors are all considered very important. Seeing the world as more of an international cooperative.
- WWI Causes and Consequences
- Caused by the effects of nationalism and international treaties. Consequences following the war were The League of Nations (attempt at collective security), Treaty of Versailles (imposition of heavy repairations on Germans), and the Bolshivic Revolution headed by V. I. Lenin, establishes the USSR.
- WWII Casuses and Consequences
- Caused largely as a result of combination of nationalism and imperialism (the fighting for spheres of influence). Eventual consequences were the Yalta Conference, The United Nations (another attempt at collective security), and the beginning of decolonization (widespread move of countries towards self-determination).
- Authoritarian Governments
- Communism- authoritative rule based around rigid control and economic planning, Monarchism-rule is dictated through one ruler's decisions, Theocracy- Rule based upon the teachings of a unifying religion, and Fascism-Far right government based upon extreme nationalism.
- Democratic Peace Theory
- Idea that, by certain characteristics, two democratic governments are less likely to go to war with one another than with a non-democratic government.
- Intermestic
- The trend by which both domestic and foreign policies are becomming increasingly intertwined. Decisions on the domestic front often now have implications abroad, and vice versa.
- Two Level Games
- Attribute of state-level decision making that assumes that within a democratic government, the national decision-makers will make decisions that will achieve both domestic and international goals.
- Hegemonic Stability
- Global-level of analysis that asserts that a single, dominant power is a neccessary condition for a stable global order.
- The End of History
- Book by Frances Fukuyama that argues that the universalization of Western liberal democracy has established an assimilated world in which there is no more significant history to take place.
- Balance of Power Theory
- Stability of the world revolves around there being at least two superpowers, of which, each maintains a comprable level of power or sphere of influence.
- Import Substitution Industrialization
- Strategy of Economic Nationalism that seeks to protect infant domestic industries by placing tariffs, or other restrictive measures upon products that are imported to compete the industry.
- Export-led Industrialization
- Economic Nationalism growth strategy for an economy to concentrate on developing export industries capable of succeeding in the highly competitive global market.
- Long-Cycle Theory
- Theory proposed by Paul Kennedy in his book "The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers," in which about every 500 years, hegemonic global power eventually declines when the leadership in challanged by rivals.
- Foreign Policy Making Actors
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1. Executives-i.e Prime Minister, President, etc,
2. Bureacracies-i.e. State Department, CIA, etc.
3. Legislatures-Congressional lawmaking bodies
4. Interest Groups- Non-governmental agencies which influence policymaking.
5. Public Opinion - Causes of Bounded Rationality
- State-Level Analysis in which a decision-makers capacity to choose the best option is constrained by many obstacles. Examples are--wishful thinking, stereotyping, and groupthink.
- Components of Nation-States
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1.Territory
2.Sovereignity
3.Population
4.Diplomatic Recognition
5.Internal Organization - Imperial Overstretch Theory
- Focusing too many of a countries resources on one pursuit, while ignoring others. Most commonly expressed through a massive armament by a government.
- Military Industrial Complex
- Combination of military defense industry contractors and government agencies that benefit from military spending.
- Positives of Multinational Corporations
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1.Generates employment in developing countries, raises standard of living.
2.Make investments in developing countries, help them economically develop
3.Reduse production costs by taking advantage of the competitive advantage of an area.
4. Increases productivity through the internationalization of productivity
5. Supports Research and Development; allows for more technological breakthroughs.
6. Introduces advanced technologies to developing countries. - Negative Effects of Multinational Corporations
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1.Raise capital in host country, while exporting profits to home country.
2.Monopolizes the production and distribution in the world market.
3.Creates Cartel (strategic corporate alliances) that reduce competition.
4. Erode traditional culture and national differences and replace them with consumer oriented products.
5. Curtail national sovereignity and jeopardize the autonomy of the state.
6.Exploit cheap labor and degrade the environment in developing countries. - Competetive Advantage
- Idea that everyone would benefit if each country produced and exported its most cost-effecient product. Through this specialization, we encourage the division of labor, not within a country, but rather internationally.