Middle Eastern History
Terms
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- 'Ali ibn Abi Talib
- Cousin and Son in law of Muhammad fourth caliph of Sunni Muslims first imam of Shii Muslims Married Fatimah
- Abbasid Caliphate
- 750-1258 Abu al-Abbas(750-4)
- Abd al-Malik
- 685-705 Opposed by Ali's clan and mawalis in Kufa Recent non-Arab conerts Continued to pay taxes Apogee(692-717) Created a centralized state with son Walid
- Abdulla ibn al- Zubayr
- Support from Qays defeated in 692
- Abu al-Abbas(al-Saffah)
- 750-754 Abbassid Caliphate Imperial culture and administration
- Abu Bakr al-Saddiq
- 632-4 First Sunni caliph 1 of 4 rightly guided caliphs in Sunni Islam
- Abu Muslim
- 740 Father of Submission Descandants of Prophet's uncle(Abu al-Abbas) Supported by Mawali, Banu Kalb Muslims in Iran Defeated the Umayyads in 750
- Abu Talib
- Muhammads Uncle
- Aishah
- Daughter of first caliph, Abu Bakr Youngest & favorite wife of Muhammad
- Al-Mansur
- 754-775 Abbassid Caliphate Founding of Baghdad Seat of Empire shift to Iraq Persian influence on gov't and culture
- amil
- Financial superintendent
- amir
- Military commander
- Ansar
- Settlements that were established by Muslim warriors in conquered lands
- Atabeg
- Military Leader
- Banu Hashim
- Descendants of Muhammad "prophet's family"
- Banu Umayya
- Islamic group against Jewish tribes
- Battle of Badr
- 624 Abu Sufyan of Banu Umayyah
- Battle of Hattin
- 1186 Started fires and cut off water supply to Crusaders
- Battle of Mnzikert
- Led by Alp Arslan
- Battle of Qadisiyyah
- 638 vs Persians
- Battle of The Camel
- 656 Community-Ansar vs Quraysh Quraysh and Aisha defeated
- Battle of Uhud
- 624 Opposition of Jewish tribes Poltical conflict Revelation:"Who will survive?"
- Buwayhids
- 932-1055 Occupies Baghdad 945 Twelver Shiite Dynasty Widespread Use of iqtaas al-Mawardi(972-1058)
- Byantine Empire
- 4th C Center of Roman Empire
- Coptic Christians
- Egyptian Ethno Religion
- Diophysites
- Christ is "Devine"
- Diwan
- Military Payment Registry
- Fatimah
- Daughter of Muhammad(1 of 7)
- Fustat, Kufa, and Basra
- Military grounds,cities Keep them away from corruption Keep them pious
- Ghassanids
- 6th & 7th C Semi-nomadic Christian Syria
- Ghaznavids
- 962-1186 South Asian Dynasty
- Hajj
- 5 Pilgrimage Once in a life time All Income-maintain Mosque State of Ritual Purity Equality a)Circambulation of Kaaba(founded by the Prophet Abraham) 7x b)Stoning of a Devil c)Climbing the plain of Arafat Id-al-Adha(Feast of the sacifice
- Haram
- Forbidden, Protected space
- Harun al-Rashid
- 786-809 Abbassid Calipate
- Hasan and Husyan
- Ali's son Husayn killed at Karbala(680)
- Hijaz
- Home to the pilgrimage cities of Mecca and Medina
- Hijrah
- Emigration of Muhammad and followers in 622 when persecuted by Meccans
- Hisham
- 724-743 Invason from the cacasus Kharijite/Berber revolt in North Afruca Battle of tours(732)
- Iqtaa
- agriculture tax
- Islam/Muslim
- Islam- submission to the world wide community(ummah) Muslim- surrender to God's will, at peace.
- Ismailis
- Seveners named after the 7th imam, Ismail
- Jihad
- X Not a Pillar Struggle Greater Jihad(Spiritual struggle) Lesser Jihad(Armed struggle) Two Realms 1Dar al-Islam(adobe of Islam) 2Dar-al-Harb(adobe of War)
- Jizya
- Capitation tax
- Kaaba
- Founded by Prophet Abraham Cube shaped house of God Located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia Focal point of the hajj pilgrimage
- Karbala
- One of the holiest cities of Shii Islam, often visited on the pilgrimage in Iraq
- Khadijah
- Muhammad marrieda wealthy Qurayshi widow
- Khalifah
- Deputy or Steward Vicegerent Each Islam is a khalifah to God
- Kharaj
- land tax
- Khawarij(Kharijites)
- Seceders Supported Ali's teaching of wisdom and piety
- Lakhmids
- 6th & 7th C Aramean-Christian Based in Hirah
- Laylat al-Qadr(Night of Power)
- Term for the night when Muhammad received the first revelation of the Quran 610 Ramadan
- Madrasah
- Estab of learning where the Islamic sciences are taught; a college for higher studies
- Mahdi
- Devinely guided one
- Mamluk
- Rule Egypt and parts of Syria until Ottoman conquests
- Marwan ibn al-Hakam
- 684-85 "father of a dog" Yaman tribe support Abu Kalb?
- Mawali
- Non-Arab Muslims
- Mecca
- Commercial Center Influx of ppl from surrounding areas, other tribes, Qusayys clan most powerful among Quraysh and stratification in clan
- Monophysites
- Christ is only human
- Mt Hira
- Scene of Muhammads first revelation
- Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan
- 661-680 661-680 First Umayyad caliph and nephew of the third Sunni Caliph-Uthman Opposed Ali as caliph because he did not track down Uthmans murderer
- Muhajirun
- followers of Muhammad
- Muhammad b. Abdulah
- Born c 570 AD of the clan Hashim God's messenger sent to proclaim in Arabic
- Nestorian Christians
- Iraq Ethno Religion
- Nizam al-Mulk
- 1092 minister of the seljuqs wrote "the book of government"
- Pope Urban II
- 1094-5 Addresses cpuncil of clermont protection of property at home the prospect of colonization the absolution of sins
- Quran
- Recitation The word of god final revelation of the abrahamic tradition 114 surahs(chapters) Arranged by length
- Quraysh
- 6th C Powerful Meccan tribe at the time of Muhammad Qussay united them.
- Ramadan
- 19th Month Lunar Calendar
- Ridda Wars
- Wars of Apostasy Tribes rejected Islam after Prophet's death Abu Bakr's armies defeat all
- Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi
- 1193 United Egypt and Syria for the first time in years Battle of Hattin
- Salat
- 2 Five Daily prayers Muezzin-Person who calls to prayer Performed in Mosque(Qiblah) Khuth-Sermon Minbar-Pulpit Friday communal prayer(Jami)
- Sassanian Empire
- 7th C Persian Based on Devine Kingship
- Sawm
- 3 Fasting Iftar-breakfast Id-al-Fitr
- Shahadah
- 1 Proclamation of faith Chiness of God-tawhid(absolute) Muhammad is his prophet God is great
- Shiism & Shiites
- Party of Ali Descendants of Muhammad
- The 5 Pillars
- Prayer
- The Council of Chalcedon
- Dispute over nature of christ 451
- Umar b. al-Khattab
- 634-644 Second Sunni Caliph Companion of Muhammad
- Umayyad Caliphate
- 661-750 Damascus- capital and system of administration (for a degree of stability)
- Uthman b.Affan
- 656 Companion of Muhammad Third caliph in the succession of early leaders From powerful Umayyad clan
- Wazir
- Appointed Ministers
- Yathrib/Madina
- second holiest city of Islam Muhammads burial
- Yazid
- 680-683 vs Hasan and Husayn ve Abdullah b al-Subayr
- Zakat
- 4 Aims Obligatory taxes Waof-pious endowmants No longer taxed, not for sale
- Zangi and Nur al Din
- Zangi 1127-46 Captures crusader state of Edessa(border of Iraq and Turkey) 1144 Political conflict Nur al Din(Son of Zangi) 1146-1174 Muslim unification
- Zanj revolt
- 869-883 Plantation slavery in souther Iraq Primarily East African slaves(zanj) Led by a Persian(Ali b Muhammad) Defeated army and conquered Basra Founded city in Iraq Defeated in 883
- Zoroastianism
- Struggles between good and evil