Themes in Mod history ch 15
Terms
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- treaty of cateau Cambresis
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ended the Habsburg valois wars.
*spain won
*initiated a period of conflicts in which politics and religions played the dominant roles - Difficulties in France
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*huge population losses b/c of plauge and hundred years war
*created labor shortage (serfdom almost dissappeared)
*helped peasantry...hindered nobility - Francis I
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issued an ordinacne that placed france under the jurisdiction of roayal law courts and made french the language of the courts
*had a powerful centrallizing power
*put a taille (tax) on land to support his standing army - Habsburg - Valois Wars
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*very costly
*francis tried to raise money by the sale of public offices and a treaty w/ the papacy (concordat of Bologna - agreed to recognize supremacy of papacy over universal council and gained the right to appoint all french bishops and abbots) - ensured french as catholic - Thirty Years War
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*conflict over religious faith
*peace of westphalia - treaty that recognized the sovereign, independent authority of more than 300 german princes, each would govern his territory and make war and peace - Germany after the 30s yr war
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*most destructive event econimcally and socially
*1/3 of urban residents and 2/5 of rural residents died
*land destroyed - agricultural areas suffered
*rise in value of labor
*30 yr war led to legal and economic decline of the largest segment of german society - Portugese exploration
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*first ppl to explore/take overseas territories
*crusade to christianize muslims and to find gold, and an overseas route to the spice markets of india
*Prince Henry "the navigatoR" established school for the study of geography and navigation
*by 1500 portugal controlled flow of gold to Europe (most came from Sudan, Ghana) - Vasca De Gama
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Portugese explorer
*reached india and returned w/ spices and cloth
*1500 - coast of brazil sighted and claimed the crown of portugal - technological stimuli to exploration
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*cannon
*caravel - a small light 3 mastered sailing ship
*magnetic compass
*astrolabe - measures altitude of sun and other celestial bodies -
Problems of christopher
columbus
&significance of his voyage -
*recently undergone severe criticism
*enslaved and sometimes killed indians he encountered
*was a cruel and ineffective governor of spains caribbean colony
*deeply religious man - witnessed spanish conquet of granada and shared in nationalism - understood christianity as a missionary religion - should spread
*did not discover america - europeans and africans there b4 him
*misunderstood what he had found
*abandoned mother of his illegitimate son
*some claim he is the originator of esploitation of non european world
*wanted to find direct ocean route to asia that would prove for expanded trade for spain - Magellan
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*find a route to spices of suotheast asia
*was killed but expedition continued
*storms , mutiny, starvation and disese haunted the voyage
*proved earth was round and larger than colombus thought - cortes
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*arrived in mexico in 1519
*took aztec ameperor montezuma captive and conquered rich aztec empire
*founded mexico city as capital of new spain - Dutch East India Company
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*first imperialistic company
*expelled the portugese from ceylon and other east indian islands - John Cabot
- *explored North east coast of north america - found newfoundland
- John cartier
- *made serveral voyages and explored the st. lawrence region of canada
- The economic effects of Spains discoveries in the New World
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*golden century of spain
*precious metals into spain from american colonies
*population increased
*establishment of new colonies created larger demand for goods in spain
*economy could not meet the demands --> led to inflation --> government went bankrupt
- greatly hurt nobles fixed incomes - The Columbian Exchange
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*european involvement in the americas led to the acceleration of glabal contacts
*age of discovery led to migration of ppl which led to exchange of animals, plants and DISEASE - European slavery
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*native american slaves not accustomed to harshness of spanish exploitation
*could not work in sun for 12 horus a day--died quickly
*decided to import blacks for better labor
*1518 african slave trade began
*dutch west india company and royal african company - transported slaves
*many prejudices and racial attitudes - Michel de montaigne
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*wrote essays about living in accordance w/ nature and god
*research is means of learning and ignorance is the end
*rejected dogmatism - Baroque art and music
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*stressed influence of Rome and the revitalized catholic church
*appealed to senses
*religious emotionalism