SSFT Final
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- Gradual
- Darwin's demand in terms of what the fossil record will show in terms of selection
- General Relativity
- mass "bends" space -- nearby objects to "bend" to that which is the greater mass - gravity and acceleration (as in E=MC2) are actually therefore indistinguishable so it 's not the object doing attraction but changes and movement of mass in space move and bend toward the object
- Varves
- date testing method via rings found in lakes that are frozen
- Hodge
- Princeton prof who argued that the danger of Darwinism was not the age of the earth but the treating of "nature" with a capital "N" and in so doing moved towards "atheism"
- Whitcomb
- importance of the flood for understanding present geology
- Owen
- contemporary of Darwin who tried to show intelligent design through "ideal structures" of homologous relations of species
- Ventor
- shows philosophic side of naturalism by saying that one day we will for sure know naturalistically how the organic came from the inorganic
- Darwin
- natural selection - also one of the first to propose that life must have been formed on earth from an inorganic but nevertheless chemically rich "pond"
- Oparin
- argued that a chemical evolution happened on earth to produce life in a chemically reduced atmosphere that came to have increasing oxygen
- Disconformity
- principle showing the difference between eras in rock layers and fossil succession
- Sagan
- used Hawking's ideas of the ellipse to propose "bangs and crunches" to avoid full "singularity" of big bang
- Maxwell
- light travels at a constant speed of 186,000 mi/second when studied through vacuum conditions
- Plutonism
- geological features formed through different "earthy" movements like volcanic activity, ice ages, tectonic plate movements, etc. (Pluto = ancient Greek mythological god of the underworld)
- Radiometric
- date testing by looking at rate of time elapsed between ½ life of elements
- Penzias
- one of the group from Bell Labs and Princeton who found that no matter where antenna pointed radiation does not change - same wavelength and intensity
- Wallace
- Australian biologist who came up with a theory similar to natural selection at the same time Darwin was about to publish Origin
- Gamov
- perceptive temperature of the big bang hotter than hot
- Mendel
- initial genetics theorist
- Woese
- tries to use or at least postulate a kind of "engineering" model for the building locks of life
- Miller and Urey
- member of a team that tried to produce life out of inorganic material in a laboratory
- Hutton
- initial advocate of modern geologic uniformitarianism
- Metaphysics
- discussion of and commitments about that which is "above" or "beyond" nature
- Functionalism
- question of what abilities show the quality of something
- Kelvin
- experimentations in heat and heat loss helped the uniformitarian geologists although his predictions of earth's age were younger than theirs
- Teleology
- question of what is the goal of something
- Scofield
- his study Bible (1909/1917) is one of the reasons that the "gap/chasm" theory of Genesis 1 was so popular among conservative Evangelicals for the first ½ of the 20th century
- Ross
- Christian astronomist who argues for the "concordist/day age" view of Genesis 1 but does so in a more conservative way than many who hold this view
- Saltation
- the idea that the fossil record will show not only slow movement in evolution but also at times leaps
- Curvier
- classic catastrophist right at the beginning of the new uniformitarian/gradualist movement
- Vestigial
- contention that certain "non-purposeful" organs in a species points back to the progenitor's need for them
- Chalmers
- Free Church of Scotland theologian and University of Edinburgh mathematics prof. who argued that the Bible is not against the idea of an old earth - also "chasm/gap theory" as "ruin and restoration"
- Special Relativity
- key premise is that the speed of light (called c = 186,000 miles per sec) is constant in all frames of reference when studying inertial states and through this we can also calculate mass and energy through the formula E=MC2
- Blocher
- example of advocate of the "covenant/framework" model
- Plank
- discussed the time of the big bang at which we can first propose what is happening at 10-50 sec.
- Gould
- modern neo-Darwinian who recognized the fossil problem in terms of links and so proposed a "saltation idea" of "punctuated equilibrium" - also brings out the question over "odd parts" like the "Panda's Thumb"
- Bangs and Crunches
- accordion view of cosmogony - a view that attempts to leave out any idea of a designer let alone a creator by arguing that there is no actual singularity but rather that once expanded fully the universe will "fold back" onto itself and from that point will begin a new time and space expansion stream
- Jolley
- based a date of the age of the earth on salinity
- Ontology
- question of the very nature (being) of something
- Neptunism
- geological features formed through different "watery" movements especially massive flooding (Neptune = ancient Greek mythological god of the sea)
- Lepton era
- in big bang cosmogony, point at which light seems to actually be able to "escape" out into expanding cosmos
- Red Shifted Light
- part of the argument for expanding universe from a singularity
- Huxley
- Darwin's friend who coined the word "agnostic" in an attempt to make science neutral
- Dana
- Yale prof. and Evangelical Christian who spoke of science and theology as two discourses that are interrelated but that also have their own ways of working / allowed for "development" within a theistic structure
- Natural Selection
- descent with modification seen as the means by which all living organisms have come to be (time, mutations, migrations, selection, chance)
- Concursus
- the best science will most certainly use the best natural theorizing, observation, and experimentation to explain BUT will not reduce this to "all there is" recognizing the necessity of a divine side for science to make full sense
- Einstein
- general and special relativity: no privileged position by which to do measurement via "absolute time and space" - rather all measurement done from relational position so need to use constant of speed of light - tried to avoid big bag implications by putting a fudge factor in his math
- Alvarez
- example of modern neo-catastrophist
- Developmental Theory
- way that 19th century Evangelicals who agreed with aspects of Darwinism about some level of evolution guided by providence
- Henry Morris
- example of advocate from the sciences of "concurrence/24 hr. day" model of science and Scripture
- Dembski
- also Intelligent design - dealing with the math and information technology related to DNA
- Big Bang
- actually something of a misnomer - the idea that the entire university has and is expanding outward from a point of singularity - seems to indicate a definite sharp moment of beginning for time and space - also provides good explanation for Hydrogen/Helium/Lithium/Deuterium ratios in the universe
- Warfield
- Princeton prof who thought Darwinism the best scientific explanation so far and that science and theology needed to interrelate via what he termed "concursus"
- Steady state
- cosmogony that has no room for a designer in that it leaves the universe as always existing in same basic pattern but has a scientific difficulty in dealing with the issue of background radiation
- Proto-cells
- aggregate of small organics in a polymer chain in an attempt to show how initial life was produced
- Uniformitarianism
- argument for a gradual formation of the geological column through slower natural processes (such as erosion)
- Hubble
- regression causes the light from the galaxies to be red shifted - the universe is expanding
- 4 Laws of geology
- laws of nature same today as in past;process is always uniform (by erosion etc) {but is it really - couldn't the conditions actually be different?}; time rate is overall uniform; state of earth uniform
- Crick
- contended for panspermia theory of origin of life on earth
- Dendrochronology
- date testing through tree rings or remains of trees
- Behe
- some aspects of life seen for example in cell structure are irreducibly complex and thus show intelligent design
- Michelson
- in the midst of studies on Earth's speed around the Sun found that light needs no medium (no "ether") but travels in a vacuum at thee speed no matter what direction
- Hawking
- possibly the greatest living physicist (possibly even scientist) - has done pioneering work on black holes and also in explaining big bang cosmology to a non-technical audience - however he uses "imaginary numbers" to turn the "singularity" into something like an "ellipse" that expands in order to avoid the full conclusions of a designer
- Curie
- first to do work on dating based on radioactive nuclear decay (uranium)
- Hoyle
- proposed steady state universe to try to avoid big bang - but at the same time showed that the probability of moving from one species to another is 1 in 1040,000
- Lyell
- set forth four basic laws of geology to try to show uniformitarianism
- Methodology
- the way one proceeds to understand and/or discover something - even between worldviews their can be common methodological assumptions and patters (i.e. the scientific method) - in the modern era however, there has been a tendency to smuggle a commitment to "philosophical naturalism" into scientific protocols under the name of "methodological naturalism" which in itself SHOULD simply mean a study of nature using the natural scientific method
- "Trees" in terms of organization
- organization of creatures based on fossil discoveries with natural selection as a presupposition
- Howard Van Till
- Calvin College Science prof who holds to a more "evolving creation" view of the concordist/day-age model
- LeMaitre
- father of the big bang theory in that he traces Hubble backwards - all matter and energy at one time in small compact space before exploding outward
- The constant used for measurement
- speed of light: why? No privileged position from which to measure but speed of light is a constant no matter the relative position
- Gray
- Harvard prof. and Evangelical Christian who thought Darwin's "apparent design" actually failed as a statement since Darwin's Origin actually served as an unintended proof of design