PLS160H Midterm
Terms
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- Munich
- Appeasement- if you give somthing to a dictator, they're just going to want more
- Bay of Pigs
- Over-optimism
- WWI/Guns of August
- WWI was started by a lack of understanding about how technology had changed the nature of war
- Sovereignty
- States exist in a formally anarchic environment
- MAD if
- time to respond to first strike, mutual vulnerability
- What is the flaw of sovereignty?
- Requirement for self-help leads to security dilemma
- Security dilemma
- Many of the means by which a state tries to increase its security decrease the security of others
- What does a statesman's understanding of the security dilemma influence?
- How he interprets the other’s past behavior and how he projects it into the future
- 3 examples of the security dilemma
- Missile defense, Cuban Missile crisis, Britain/Germany before WWI
- 3 ways to ease security dilemma
- Geography, strong defensive technology, offense/defense differentiation
- Relative deprivation
- Wars and conflicts occur because of jealousy
- What does relative deprivation say should lead to more wars?
- Economic depression
- Arguments against relative deprivation
- Poor states do not fight each other or rich states
- Seville Statement on Violence of 1986
- War isn't inevitable because of human nature (not inherently violent)
- Gurr's J curve
- People fight when steady progress is followed by a sharp downturn
- Marxists say capitalist societies are...
- inherently warlike
- The need for access to foreign markets leads to... (according to Marxists)
- imperialism
- What do elite companies do, according to Marxists?
- Demand military spending
- What do the rich do, according to Marxists?
- Capture the state and do not suffer the costs of war
- What is Hobson's theory?
- Capitalism leads to the accumulation of capital, which leads to underconsumption, which leads to companies finding foreign markets
- In neorealism, what is the most important determinant of conflict?
- International system
- In neorealism, how do you keep peace?
- Through balance of power (equal deterrance)
- What does neorealism tend to neglect?
- Economic dimensions of world politics
- According to neorealism, what are states intereted in?
- Maximizing relative gains
- According to liberals, what are states intereted in?
- Maximizing absolute gains
- What does Waltz say about polarity?
- Bipolarity is more stable
- According to Waltz, what leads to actions?
- Influence on the unit by the system
- What is Organski's theory?
- Power transition theory
- What does power transition theory say?
- War and conflict came about not because of polarity, but because of changes in polarity and power
- When does power transition theory say wars occur?
- When both sides think they can win
- When is it likely for both sides to think they can win a war?
- When strong state getting weaker and weak state getting stronger
- What are two causes of uneven growth?
- Imperial overstretch, next big technology developed elsewhere
- Modelski and Thompson’s theory
- Long wave
- Blainey's critique of Waltz
- It's not unbalance of power that starts wars- wars start when sides are equally matched, and end when one side shows more power
- Keohane and Nye's Critique of Waltz
- Complex interdependence, soft power is important, transnational relations change over time
- Complex interdependence
- Not only states count, no set hierarchy of international issues
- What do Keohane and Nye think links states?
- International organizations
- What kind of structure is less prone to civil war?
- Democracy
- What are 2 causes of ethnopolitical conflict?
- Poverty, lack of democracy
- 2 perpetuates of existing ethnopolitical conflict
- Lootable resources, external assistance
- Types of terrorism
- Domestic, transnational, state, state-sponsored
- What do realists say about ethics?
- Ends justify means
- What do pacifists say about ethics?
- Bad means don't justify any ends
- Just War Tradition
- Compromise position between pacifism and realism
- Jus ad bellum
- Find justice of war
- Jus in bello
- Justice in war
- Ideas about just war from Groitus
- Just cause and last resort
- Just cause
- War is only for self-defense
- Last resort
- Try everything else first
- 3 parts of just war
- Declared publicly/legitimately, discrimination, proportionality
- Discrimination
- Combatants must respect immunity of noncombatants
- Proportionality
- Legitimate aims must outweigh harm that will result from war
- Public/legitimate declaration relates to
- Jus ad bellum
- Proportionality relates to
- Jus ad bellum, jus in bello
- Double effect
- Within a war, each action has good/bad consequences
- Three perpectives of international law
- Naturalism, positivism, realism
- Naturalism
- Community of humankind exists, all share rights/responsibilities
- Positivism
- IL codifies customs, agreements, treaties that states make (things that already exist)
- What is naturalism similar to?
- Pacifism
- What is positivism similar to?
- Just war
- What do positivists say is sacred?
- Consent/pacts
- Pacta sunt servanda
- Pacts must be observed
- Realism and IL
- IL doesn’t matter, leaders shouldn’t feel bound by it because ends justify means
- Functions of IL
- Communication, coordination, change behavior, clarify expectations
- 2 perspectives of sovereignty in IL
- communitarians, cosmopolitans
- Communitarians
- Respect state sovereignty
- Cosmopolitans
- Sovereignty comes from following IL
- International organization
- The way states arrange themselves for purposes of promoting cooperation and collaboration
- Realists and IOs
- IOs exist, but they do not affect behavior
- Realists see IOs as...
- ...epiphenomenal
- Epiphenomenality
- Not doing anything, just being affected
- Liberals take _______ stance on IOs
- positivist
- Liberals and IOs
- IOs matter because of consent
- Unstable/negative peace
- Absense of war due to military threats
- Stable peace
- Absense of preparation for/expectation of war
- Positive peace
- Absense of injustice/disagreements that cause conflict
- Liberals say creating democracies leads to...
- ...stable/positive peace
- Cultural explanation for democratic peace
- Perceptions and practices of peaceful resolution of conflict filter up to international level
- Structural explanation for democratic peace
- Institutional constraints on the executive matter
- Doyle’s democratic peace
- It is not that democracies do not fight at all, it’s that democracies don’t fight each other
- Kantian Tripod of Peace
- Federation of states, hospitality, democracy
- What happens when you increase trade?
- You increase peace
- IOs and peace
- Forum, information, regulations/laws, legitimacy
- Three theories of stable peace
- World federalism, functionalism, security community
- World federalism
- Create a world government like the US government with some autonomous power for “statesâ€
- Functionalism
- Use IOs as if they were executive bureaucracies (solve problems)
- Security community
- Develop international community
- Mansfield and Snyder and Democracies
- When transitioning from a dictatorship to a democracy, there is plenty of room for trouble