Unit Four History Test
Terms
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- Kellogg-Briand Pact
- ammendment to the League of Nations; Germany and Japan didn't sign. 1928 renounces war as the instrument of national policy
- Maginot Line
- doesn't work b/c turrets don't turn 360; Germany goes through the forest and comes up behind the wall; built by France to protect its border from Germany
- Marie Curie
- found that atoms of cetain elements spontaneously release charged particles, radioactivity; female scientist
- Black Shirts
- organized by Mussolini and broke up socialist rallies, smashed leftist presses, and attacked farmer's cooperatives; made Italy a totalitarian state
- Il Duce
- the name Mussolini takes that means "The Leader"
- Ruhr Valley
- occupied by France when Germany fell behind in reparations payments; basically Alsace-Lorraine; caused huge inflation
- Dawes Plan
- France withdrew forces from Ruhr; reduced reparations payment
- Mein Kampf
- "My Struggle" by Hitler in prison for being drunk in public; basic book of Nazi goals and ideaology
- Third Reich
- Hitler boasted the Third Reich would dominate Europe for 1,000 years
- Gestapo
- Hitler's secret police
- Nuremberg Laws
- 1935; placed restrictions on Jews, like attending or teaching German universities; holding gov't jobs, doctors, or lawyers; publishing books; and prohibited from marrying Non Jews
- Kristallnacht
- Nov 9 & 10; "Night of Broken Glass"; Nazis attacked Jewish stores and synagogues and beat Jews up
- chancellor
- prime minister
- repudiate
- reject
- concentration camp
- detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state
- Haile Selassie
- Ethiopian king during the Italian invasion under Mussolini; turned to League of Nations for help; Italy conquered Ethiopia because League of Nations could not enforce the sanctions it put against Italy
- Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
- Germany, Italy, and Japan joined together to fight Soviet communism and not to interfere with each other's plans for expansion
- Guernica
- Germany launched an "experiment" onto this Spanish market town to see what their new plans could do; killed thousands of innocent people
- Munich Conference
- 1938; British and French leaders chose appeasement and gave Sudetenland to Germany; he later took over all of Czechoslovakia
- Neville Chamberlain
- the British prime minister before Churchill who was present at the Munich Conference and thought appeasement would bring peace
- Nazi-Soviet Pact
- August 1939; a nonaggression pact between Hitler and Stalin; bound both to peaceful relations; also nto to fight if the other went to war and to divide up Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe
- sanction
- penalties
- appeasement
- giving in to the demands of an aggressor to keep the peace
- pacifism
- opposition to all war
- Anschluss
- a union of Austria and Germany; wanted by HItler in 1938
- "phony war"
- 1939; French had troops on the Maginot Line ready for war; British troops went to wait too
- Dunkirk
- Britian saved their troops using boats from the shores of Dunkirk and Ostend despite German air attacks.
- Winston Churchill
- succeeder of Chamberlain, Churchill was one of the only voices against the Nazis; angered Hitler enough for him to start the London Blitz
- Battle of Britian (The London Blitz)
- Operation Sea Lion; began on August 12, 1940 when Germany bombed England's southern coast every day; after a month, Germany turned from military targets and on to the cities; they bombed London for 57 nights straight starting September 7
- Operation Barbarossa
- June 1941; Germany's conquest of Russia that failed miserably at the battles of Stalingrad and Leningrad
- Lend-Lease Act
- early 1941 by FDR; allowed him to sell or lend war materials to "any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States."
- Pearl Harbor
- December 7 1941; General Tojo (Japan) attacked Hawaiian port Pearl Harbor
- blitzkrieg
- lightning war
- radar
- device used to detect the flight of airplanes
- sonar
- device used to detect the path of submarines
- Holocaust
- the mass slaughtering of Jews, Slavs, gypsies, and the mentally ill in Nazi Germany becasue they were "inferior" to everyone else
- Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
- created by Japan; said that they wanted to help Asians escape western colonial rule; really, they wanted to have a Japanese empire in Asia
- Battle of el Alamein
- British General Bernard Montgomery stopped Rommel's advance; turned on Desert Fox and drove Axis forces back across Libya into Tunisia
- Battle of Stalingrad
- one of the costliest of the war; Hitler wanted to capture Stalin's capital city; Germans surrounded the city, then the Russians surrounded them; winter came and soldiers fought for houses; Germans finally surrendered in early 1943 after two year struggle; battle cost Germans 300,000 in killed, wounded, or captured soldiers
- D-Day
- US soldiers invade Normandy, France on June 6, 1944; France and Paris eventually freed in about a month
- genocide
- the destruction of an entire race by killing them
- collaborator
- person who cooperates with an enemy
- reparations
- payment for war damges or damages caused by imprisonment
- Battle of the Coral Sea
- Pacific battle where the Japanese started to lose the battles of the Pacific; the US warships and airplanes severly damaged two Japanese fleets during May and June 1942; greatly weaked Japanese navel power and stopped their advance
- Battle of the Bulge
- Hitler's last success; Allies went into Belgium in December 1944 and Germany launched counterattack; lasted more than a month; both side took huge losses; Germany unable to break through
- V-E Day
- May 8 1945; the war in Europe ended officially a day after Germany surrendered
- Harry Truman
- after FDR; realized atomic bomb was terrible new force for destruction but decided to sue it against Japan; issued a warning for Japan with other Allies at Potsdam, Germany; told Japan to surrender or face "utter and complete destruction"
- island hopping
- method used by Allies to recapture some Japanese held islands in the Pacific while bypassing others; captured islands served as stepping stones to the next one
- kamikaze
- pilots who undertook suicide missions
- The first atomic bomb
- dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945; called Little Boy, it was a uranium bomb; killed 70,000 and injured 70,000; Paul Tibbits dropped it from the Enola Gay, a B29 plane
- The second atomic bomb
- Fat Man, dropped on August 9, 1945 at 11:02 AM on Nagasaki; it was supposed to be Kokrua but it was too overcast so they went to Nagasaki; it's plutonium; a B29 plane used again; 40,000 killed, 40,000 wounded