Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase
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- Peisistratus
- 546 BC; pushed reforms in an even more radical direction than Solon; divide up large estates and gave land to landless farmers; he extended citizenship to men who didn't own land; he provided loans and jobs to the poor; ("lets pave these road cuz, i mean, then u guys can have work and it'd be like a stimulus check, ya know?")
- Athens
- the other one of the most important poleis; descendants of Myceneans; mid 600's BC governed by 4 tyrants
- Antigonid
- Greece and Macedon; continuous tension between the Antigonid rulers and Greek cities; Economy of Athens and Corinth flourished again through trade
- Homer
- perhaps never existed, "author" of the Iliad and Odyssey
- The Persian War
- (500-479 B.C.E) Greek cities on Ionian coast revolted against Persia, 500 BCE, battle of Marathon, 490 BCE, is decisive victory of Athens; Xerxes tried again to seize Athens; his navy lost battle of Salamis; Persian army retreated back to Anatolia
- Epicureans
- identified pleasure as the greatest good
- The Polis
- referred to a citadel or fortified site that offered refuge for local communities during times of war or other emergencies; in other words a city state
- Aristotle
- Plato's student, but distrusted theory of Forms; devised rules of logic to construct powerful arguments; philosophers should rely on sense to provide accurate information
- Linear B
- Mycenaean
- Tyrant
- generals or ambitious politicians in Greece who gained power by irregular means
- Crete
- a principal center for commerce advance sailing craft
- Alexander of Macedon
- succeeds Philip at age twenty but dies at thirty cuz he was an idiot, and he had a little too much to drink; by 331 BCE, controlled Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia; invaded Persian homeland and burned Persepolis; crossed the Indus by 327, but his army didn't want to go any further
- The Delian League
- Military and financial alliance among Greek poleis against Persian threat; When Persian threat subsided, poleis, other than Ahens, no longer wanted to make contributions
- Plato
- (430-347 BCE); disciple of Socrates; the theory of forms or ideas--world of ideal qualities; his republic expressed the ideal of philosophical kings
- Linear A
- written symbols that stood for syllables from Crete; dissapeared when many people fled to the islands of the Aegean Sea, Anatolia, or Cyprus
- Philip of Macedon
- brought Greece under control
- Minoan
- late 3rd millennium BCE; Crete; Knossos a lavish palace; core of society and rulers resided there
- Decline of Minoan
- natural catastrophes; attracted invaders and fell at 1100 BCE
- Pericles
- most popular democratic leader of Athens
- Sappho
- a famous Greek poet; accused of being homosexual just because she wrote about having an attraction to young women; even though male gayness was ok women gayness was not. (no scissoring for them. but butt sex time is ok?).
- Draco
- was first tyrant; issued an improved code of laws in 621 BC; everyone knew cause it was written down; penalties for breaking the law were severe even for the most minor crimes, such as death; debtors were slaves
- Skeptics
- doubted certainty of knowledge, sought equanimity
- Stoics
- taught individuals duty to aid other and lead virtuous lives
- Sparta
- one of the most important poleis; descendants of Dorians; believed to be descendants of Hercules; located on the southern peninsula of Greece; whenever other poleis had food shortages, they just invaded them and made them make their food; life revolved around their military
- Selucid
- largest from Bactria to Anatolia; Greek and Macedonian colonists flocked to Greek cities of former Persia; Colonists created a mediterranean-style urban society; Bactria withdrew from Seleucids and established independent Greek kingdom
- Socrates
- (470-399 BCE); encouraged reflection on questions of ethics and mortality; was condemned to death on charge of corrupting Athenian youths
- Solon
- 594 BC; first to try to improve the economy; cancelled all land debts and freed all debtors from slavery urged farmers to make cash crops instead of grain so the can make money; tried to end conflict between aristocrats and commoners; did so by making a two house legislature which had 400; commoners and aristocrats made up those things so things would be fair
- Ptolemaic
- Egypt was the wealthiest; the rulers did not interfere in Egyptian society; Alexandria is the capital at the mouth of the Nile; cultural center: the famous Alexandria Museum and Alexandria Library;
- The Peloponnesian War
- Tensions led to two armed camps, under leadership of Athens and Sparta; unconditional surrender of Athens, 404 BCE