SS Chapter 11
Terms
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- what was the empire called that constantine made constantinople the capital of?
- the new rome
- justinian
- high-ranking byazntine nobleman who became emperor of the eastern empire
- procopius
- court hjistorian who wrote a gossip book called the secret history about justinian
- what did justinian do to unite the west and east
- became head of the whole roman empire-east and west
- belisarius
- justinians best general who he sent to recover north arica from the vanls and rome from the ostrogoths
- what lands did justinians armies win?
- nearly all of italy and parts of spain
- how did the byzantine emperors rule?
- with absolute power-had control of church and state-appointed bishops
- what language did most byzantines speak?
- greek
- what christian church did most byzantines belong to?
- the eastern branch
- justinian code
- a body of civil law written by a panel of 10 legal experts and pased on roman laws
- what were the four works of justinians code?
-
1. The Code-contained nearly 5000 roman laws
2. Digest-quoted and summarized opinions of romes greatest legal thinkers about law
3. Institues-textbook that told law students how to use the laws
4. Novellae (New Laws) - what were some of the areas the justinian code regulated
- mariiage, slavery, property, inheritance, women's rights, and crimes
- Hagia Sohpia
- church that was destroyed in constaninople that justinian rebuilt
- what building project did justinain take on
- rebuilt constantinoples fortifications
- what does hagia sohpia mean in greek
- "holy wisdom"
- WHAT DID THETY DO NEXT?
- emperor heraclus reorganized the empire along military lines. provinces became themes, or military districts, each run by a general whoo reported directly to the emperor
- who did constantinople fall to and when?
- ottoman turks in 1453
- saint basil
- wrote rules for the life of monks
- sant john chrysostom
- BISHOP of constantinople and patriarch
- patriarrch
- leading bishop of the east
- what emperor banned the use of icons?
- emperor leo III
- why did he do this?
- he thought the use of icons amounted to idol worship
- icons
- religious images used by eastern chrstians to aid their devotions
- iconocleasts
- people in the army who broke into chruches to destroy images
- how did people react
- the people rioted and the clergy rebelled
- how did the pope in the west become involved?
- supported the use of icons
- what did one pope do to one byzantine enmperor bc of the icons being banned?
- ordered the excommunication of the enpror
- how were icons restored to eastern churches?
- an order from an empress named theodora restored icons to eastern churhces
- what caused the eastern and western churches to be permantely divided?
- the pope and the patriarch excommunicated each other in a dispute over religious doctrine
- schism
- permantely split of the roman catholic church in the west and the orthodox church in the east
- differences btween language of 2 churches
-
roman catholic church in the west-services conducted in latin
eastern orthodoz-conduccted in greek or local langauges - differences in heads
-
roman caatholic-pope has authority over all other bishops
eastern orthodoz-patriarch and other bishops head church as a group - difference in authority of heads
-
RC-pope has authoity over all kings and emperor
EO-emperor has authority over patriarchs and other bishops - heads marry differences
-
RC-priests cannot marry
EO-priests can marry - divorce differences
-
RC-no divorce
EO-divorce allowed under certain conditions - saint methodius and saint cyril
- eastern missionaries who worked among slavs and invented an alphabet for them
- cyrillic alphabet
- alphabet for the slavs
- slavs
- thhe people from the forests north of the black sea
- what ideas did the slavs absorb?
- greek byzantine ideas
- where did russian culture come from?
- the blending of slavic and greek traditions
- what are the 3 great rivers in russia
- dnieper, don, and volga
- varangians/rus
- bands of adventurers, most likely vikings, whocame from the north and settled among the slavs
- what kind of political unity did the slavs have at first
- none
- novgorod
- russias first important city founded by viking chief rurik
- chief rurik
- viking chief who founded novgorod and according to legends was invited by the slavs to be their king
- the primary chronicle
- a history of russia written by monks in the early 1100s
- Oleg
- nobleman from novgorod who moved south to kiev
- kiev
- city on the dnieper river
- why was kiev a good place to move?
- vikings could sail by river and sea to constantinople to trade
- whaty did kiev grow into
- a principality
- principality
- small state ruled by a prince
- what happened as kiev grew into a principlality?
- viking nobles intermarried w/ their slavic subjects and adopted their culture
- boyars
- nobles in the kiev society
- who was the first member of kievan nobility to convert to christianity
- princess olga
- did he son acccept christianity?
- no
- vladimir
- olgas grandson who sent teams oout to observe the major relgions of the times -convined vladimir to convert to byzantine chrsitianity and make alll his subjects convert too
- what church did they convert to
- orthodoz
- what does the rise of kiev mark he appearance of?>
- russias first important unified territory
- how did vladmir lead the way to establshing kievs power?
-
expanded the state west into poland and north almost to the baltic sea
fought off ttroublesome nomads from the steppes to the south - Yaroslav the wise
-
vladmirs son who
a) married off his daughters and sisters to kings and princes of western europe-helped establish trading alliances
b) created a legal code that mostly dealt w/ crimes against property - 3rd thing he did
- built the first library in kiev
- when ddid the decline of the kievan state start
- when yaroslav died
- what error did he make
- he divided his realm among his sons instead of following the custom of passing on the throne to the eldest son-sons tore the state apart fighting for territories-system of dividing continued and causes more problems
- mongols
- ferocious group of horsemen from central assia who came to russia
- genghis khan
- mongol leader and one of thje most feared warriors of all tme
- possible reaons mongols came to russia
-
1. economic or military pressures
2. lured by wealth of cities to the west - why did they have a reputation for ruthless brutality
- savage killing and bruning
- what did the mongolsdo to viev?
- attacked and demolished it
- batu khan
- genghis kan who led the mongols in destorying kiev
- official name of the mongol empiree "
- "khanate of the golden horde"
- WHAT DOES THIS MEAN
-
khanate-kingdom
golden-royal color of mongols
horde-camp - what did the mongols tolerate
- allll religions
- how did church leaders explain mongol occupation
- punishment for peoples sins
- whatgained importance in the church at this time for people toescape their painful political relaties
- icons
- what two things did the mongols declare from the russians
-
1/ slavish obedience
2. massive amounts of tribute - who collected tribute in order t keep their titles
- local nobles
- alexander nevsky
- novgorods prince and military hero who advised his fellow princes to cooperate with the mongols
- daniel nevsky
- his son
- what did the mongols cut russia off from
- western europe
- what new center of power rose at this time
- moscow
- how did the mongols help to unite russia?
- kievan russia had been a collection of small independent principalities but mongols looked upon russia as their unified empire
- what was the head of the mongol empire called
- khan
- what was moscowlocated near
- the three riveres: dnieper, volga, and don
- Prince Ivan I
- prince of moscow who earned gratitude of the mongols by helping to crush a russian revolt against mongol rule
- what did this get him
- mongols appointed fim tax collector of all the savic lands they conquered
- what title did they give him?
- "great prince"
- what did ivan convince the patriarch of kiev to do?
- to move to moscow
- Ivan III
- married the niece of the last byzantine emperor and began calllling himself czar-rebellled against mongols and made final break with them
- how did he rebel against the mongols
-
refused to pay their tribute
was about to fight w/ them but neither side wanted to but this marked russias liberation from mongol rule - czar
- russian version of caesar
- durko
- people living west of the chinese borders that might have been the turks.-nomads that herded animals
- what did the abbassids do when they first noticed the military skills of the ruks?
- began buying turkish children to raise as slaves, train as soldiers, and eploy as bodyguads
- mamelukes
- turkish military slaves that became a powerful force in the abbasid empire
- why was this a bad time for foreign influence for the abbassids?
- they kept losing significant amounts of territory
- what happened to the abbassid eimpire in 945?
- persian armies moved into baghdad and put an end to he caliphs political power
- what power did the caliph continue
- continuted as a religious leader of islam
- a large number of what people moved inot the abbassid empir around 970
- seljuks
- seljuks
- one of the first of these migrating turkish groups
- what religion had the seljuks converted to?
- the sunni branch of islam
- what did the seljuks do in 1055
- attacked and captured baghdad from the persians
- battle of manzikert
- turks crushed the byzantines
- toghril beg
- founder of the seljuk dynasty who chose teh persian city of isfahan as the capital of his kingdom
- how else did the turks favor persians
- appointed them gov't mofficials
- vizier
- turkish prime minister
- Nizam al-mulk
- a persian who served as vizier under malik shag
- malik shah
- one of te most famous of seljuk sultans
- what did turks get from the persians
-
-looked to them for cultural and relgious gudiance in islam
-adopted to persian language - shahs
- name for seljuk rulers bc of the persian word for king
- Jalaludin rumi
- islamic poet
- isfahan
- city malik shah beautififed with mosques
- what caused the almost complete disappearnce of the arabic language from persia
- the turks political and ultural preference for the persians
- who was the last of the strong seljuk leaders
- malik shah
- what happened after he died?
- no capable shad could replace him so the seljuk empire disintegrated into a lose collection of minor kingdoms
- the crusades
- the series of military campaigns where the west launched a counterattack against the turks
- Pope urban II
- launced the first crusafe in 1095
- first crusade
- christians from western europe drove turks out of anatolia and recovered jerusalem where they establsihed a latin christian kingdom that lasted about a century
- saladin
- kurdish captian from a fragment of the seljuk empire who recovered jerusalem from the muslims
- what eventually happened to end this?
- saladin and his western opponent king richard I of england signed a truce that gave jerusalem to the muslims but granted western pilgrims access to christian holy placces
- what new threat to tturkish power came next?
- the mongol army led y genghis khan
- what did genghis's grandson hulagu do?
- toook baghdad and killed tens of thousands of people
- who shaped the biggest land empire in history?
- genghis khan and his successors
- why did their vast empire crumble in just a few generations?
- they knew little about adminterstering their territory
- what term means "nobles"
- boyars
- which people attacked and demolished kiev?
- the mongols
- which group of invaders proably founded novgorod and later sttled in kiev?
- vikings
- who createed a legal code for kiev that emphasized and protected property and commerce?
- yaroslav the wise
- which russian prince and military hero was declared a saint of the russian orthodox church for his heroics and his protection of the church>
- alexander nevsky
- the abbassids were rulers of what empire?
- muslim empire
- 3 things the mamelukes were
-
1. originially slaves
2. trained as soldiers
3. a powerful force in the abbassid empire - in 945, when the perisans conquered bahgdad, the powr to govern was assigned to the
- vizier
- seljuk culture was influenced most by what culutre
- arabic culture
- malik shad was the last strong, effection
- seljuk leader