SS Chapter 6

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according to the legend, who was rome founded by?: romulus and remus
what 3 groups inhabited the region from 1000 to 500 bc: latins greeks and etruscans
who were the first romans: latins
what was their job: farmers and shepherds
how did the greeks come to roe?: settlers established colonies and taught romans to grow grapes and olives
where were etruscans native to?: northern italy
what were their accomplishments for rome?: skilled metalworkers and enginers
had writing and architechture-adopted by romans
what did the romans get from the greeks: took their gods and gave them different names
what did romans take from etuscansq: rituals they believed helped them win favor of the gods
who became king around 600 bc: an etruscan
who was the last king of rome?: Tarquin the Proud
what kind of ruler was he?: tyrant
what happened to him?: driven from power by aristrocrats
what kind of gov't did the romans establish?: republic
republic: form of gov't in which power rests w. citizens who have the right to vote to select their leaders
mr. scotts thing for republic: gov't w/o hereditary leaders
what does the latin phrase where repubilic came from mean?: public affairs
who was allowed to vote in the roman republic?: free-born male citizens
what 2 groups struggled for power in early republic: patricians and plebeians
patricians: aristocratic landowners who geld most of the power
inherited their power and social status
plebians: common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population
could plebians vote?: yes but they were usualy barred by law from holding important gov't possitions
what did senate allow the plebians to do?: form their own assembly and elect representatives
tribunes: representatives elected by plebians when teh senate allowed them to elect representatives and form their own assembly
what did tribunes do for plebians: protected the rights of the plebians from unfair acts of patrician officials
twelve tables: written laws of rome
-established the idea that all free citizens, patricians, and plebeians had a right to the protection of the law
part of gov't like monarchy: consuls
consuls: two officials in Rome in place of a king
-commanded army and directed gov't
-had a one-year term and could not be elected again for 10 yrs
-one consul alwayts could overrule the other's decision
aritocratic part of roman gov't: senate
senate: had legislative and administrative functions
300 members from upper class
democratic part: assemblies
assemblies: all citizen soldiers were members of centuriate assembly
tribal assembly: organized by pleveians
elected tribuness and made laws for republic
what did the republic do in times of crisis: appoint a dictator
dictator: leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army
how did this dictatorship work?: power only lasted for 6 months
were chosen by consuls and then elected by the senate
who was required to serve in the army: all citizens who owned land
legion: large military units that roman soldiers were organized into
centuries: smaller groups which legions were divided up into
how was italian peninsula divided up?: rome had different laws and treatment for different parts
who did rome fight w/ for control over mediterranean: carthage
Punic Wars: war with carthage
first punic war: for control of sicily and western mediterranean
who won?: caesar
second punic war: hannibal warnted to avenage first defeat
hannibal: carthaginian general second punic war
where was his greatest victory?: cannae
scipio: roman general-military leader to match hannibals boldness
-deviced plan to attack carthage
who won 2nd punic war?: rome-defeated carthage
third punic war: romans were angered by carthage's return to prospertity and rememberd devestation it caused italy
-set city on fire and sold inhabitants to slavery
what did rome get for winning the punic wars?: mediterranean, macedonia, greece, and parts of anatolia
in the early roman republic, this was someone whose power was absolute but whose time in office was limited to a six-month period: dictator
this is one of the two officials who shared the powers of ruling the republic and whose time in office was limited to one year: consul
these are the people who first settled the land on the bend of the tiber river that was to become rome: latins
these people gave the romans their alphaet and their knowledge or architechture, including the arch: etruscans
these were the wealthy, artistocratic landowners who geld most of the power in the early republic: patricians
this person led a force of more than 50,000 soldiers and 60 elephants across the alps to invade italy: hannibal
the romans based their gods on the gods of these people: freeks
this was a military division of the roman army: legion
this was someone eleected to represent the lower class of roman citizens: tribune
this was someone chosen to represent the upper class of roman citizens: senator
this person was a daring roman general during the second punic war: scipio
latifundia: huge estates where rich landowners lived
what was the problem for returning soldiers after punic war?: they became homeless and jobless
what platned seeds for republics collapse: class tensions
what did brothers tibenus andgavs do to help romes poor?: -limited size of estates and gave land for poor
what followed their deaths?: period of civil war
how did generals get people to fight?: promised poor land
why was this a problem: they replaced soldiers whose loyalty had been to the republic and not to generals
julius caesar: brought order to rome
dominated as triumvirate
was appointed dictator for life
governed as absolute ruler and made reforms
was assasinated by a number of important senators
julius' reforms: granted citizenship to many
expanded senate
created jobs for poor
started colonies where landless could own land
increased pay for soldiers
triumvirate: a group of 3 rulers
what was the first triumvirate that ruled rome for 10 yrs?: caesar, crassus, and pompey
what happened after casears death?: civil war broke out and destroyed republic
how did the second trumvirate end?: in jealousy and violence
who was in it?: marc anthony, octavian, and lepidus
octavian/augustus: restored some of the republic when he deffeated anthony
pax romana: period of peace and prosperity
peace reigned for 207 years
where did the pax romana start and end?: start=augustus' reign
end=marcus aurelius' reign
what was the most important industry?: agriculutre
how did augustus glorify rome?: w/ buildings
set up civil service
who was the last of the 5 gooood emperors?: marcusaurelius
five goos wmpweoea: temporarily solved succession problem
whos death marked the beginning of the empires decline and the end of the pax romana: marcus aurelius
what was the heart of the roman society?: family
who ruled the household: eldest man
how were roman women treated?: ran household-given respect
almost social equal of a man
could own property and testify in court
ould not vote
age of adult?: 16
slaves: imporatnt ot economy
gladiators: professional fighters who fought to death in public contests
what were roman gods like?: had humanlike forms and individual personalities
after serving consul for a year, this person led his troops in conquering gaul.: julius caesar
his great popularity was a source of concern to ___, who managed to have him ordered back to rome: pompey
the armies of what two general foguth in varius parts of the world for power?: pompey and casar
octavian defeated the comvbined armies of: marc antony and cleopatra
Herod: Roman Jer reuler who angered many jews
what did the jeews do?: they revolted but rome finally took control of jewish kingdom and made it the province of judea
sanhedrin: romans gave control of religious matter and local affairs to this jewish court
Zealots: wanted to rid their homeland of romans
what did another group believe?: that messiah, savior would come and restore kingdom of jews
what jewish ideas did jesus teach?: 1. monotheism 2. ten commandments 3. important of relationshp with god 4. eternal kingdom after death
12 special disciples: jesus' pupils
gospels: first 4 books of the new testament
apostles: jesus' disciples who are thought to have written some of teh gospels
jesus' death: grew popular
priests said teachings were contempt of god
roman governor arrested jesus and sentenced him to be crucified
peter: first aposotle
spread teachings of jjesus
first pope=first bishop of Rome
paul: an apostle who had an emormous influence of christianity's development
at first was an enemy of christianity
reportedly had a vision of christ
spent the rest of his life spreading and interpreting chrsts teachings
Epistles: influential letters to groups of believers
what happenened next?: band of zealots rebelled against rome
what happened in ad 70: romans destroy temple in jerusalem and jews revbel
diaspora: the dispersal of jews from their homeland
were driven from their gomeland into exile
what did romans do to christains?: christians were exiled, imprisoned, or executed
martyrs: people willing to sacrifice their lives for the sake of a belief or sause
why did christianity grow?: 1. embraced all people
2. gave hope to powerless
3. appealed to those who were repelled by extravagances of imperial rome
4. offered personal relationship w/ loving god
5. promised eternal life after death
early christian church: priests led small groups of christians
bishop: a priest that supervised several local churches
eventually, every major city had its own bishop
first bishop: peter
pope: father of christian church
Constantine: roman emperor who fought 3 rivals for his title
-was victorious in battle and gave credit to christian god
annnounced end of prosecution of christians
declared chistianity religion approved by empire
heresy: belief that appeared to contradict basic teachings
new testament: contained 4 gospels, epistles of paul, others
official standard belief
nicene creed: written by constantine-defined basic beliefs of church
Fathers of church: several early writers and scholars
ex. of father: augustine
augustine: wrote famous book THE CITY OF GOD when rome was plundered
the bisop of ___ was considered the pope: rome
what made the economy decline?: 1. frequent wars=costly
2. outside people disrupted trade
3. no expansion=nno new metal
4. inflation
5. farlmand overworked and destroyed by warfare-food shortages
mercenaries: foreign soldiers who fought for $ -less $ than romans
felt no loyalty
how was military affected: germanic tribes overwhelmed roman legions
perians captured emperor valerian
how were politics affected?: citizens lost patriotism
local officials usually lost money in office
284 new emperor: Diocletian
diocletian: doubled size of army
absolute ruler
severly limited personal freedoms
drafted prisoners of war
attempted to control inflation
passed decrees to persecute christians
divided empire
empire divisions: 1. Greek-speaking east
greece, anatolia, syria, egypt
2. latin-speaking west
italy, gaul, britannia, spain
general maximian: co-ruler of diocletian who controlled west while D controlled east
which half was wwealthier and why?: east-had ciities and trade center
who gained control of the western empire?: constantine
inflation: drastic drop in value of money coupled with a rise in prices
constantinople: new name of the city of byzantium, the new capital of rome--2nd capital
why decline of western roman empire: internal problems, separation from wealthier east, and invasion
who drove the last roman emperor from throne: germans
huns: mongol nomads from central asia
invaded-forced other groups in roman empire
visigoths: put rome under siege
alaric: king of visigoths
altila: chieftan who united huns and terrorized empire
negotiated a withdrawal w/ pope leo I bc they were weakened
last roman emperor: Romulus Augustulus-sent into exile by german general
eastern half name: byzantine empire
what happened to eastern half?: flourished-preserved greek and roman culture but fell to ottoman turks in 1453
what did romans get from greeks: art, architechture, literacture and philosophy
who conqquered who: romans conquered greeeks and learned greek langauge
Greco-roman culture: mix of greek, hellenistic, and roman culture
also called calssical civilzation
what art did romans learn from greeks: sculpture
when was the greatst artisitc achievement: during reign of augustus
bas-relief: images project from flat background
mosaics: romans skilled in mosaics-pictures of designs made by setting small pieces of stone, glass, or tile onto a surface
frescoes: large bright mural owned by most wealthy romans
mural: painting directly on wall
pompeii: town where best ex. of roman painting are found
volano (mt. vesuvius) erupted and preserved art there
stoicism: philosophy of greek teacher zeno
virgil: poet who spent 10 years writing most famous work of latin literature, THE ANEID, epic of legendary aeneas
who did he model it afeter: greek epics of homer
ovid: wrote light witty poetry for enjoyment and history
livy: wrote muth of rome-more than true history
tacitus: roman historian who presented the facts accurately and wrote ANNALS and HISTORIES, the good and bad of imperial rome
official language of rome and roman catholic church: latin
romance languages: commance roman heritage, developed by latin
examples: french, spanish, portuguese, italian, and romanian
architecture: arch, dome, concrete
aqueducts: designed by roman enineers to bring water into cities and towns
law system: believed laws should be equl and far to all
stadards of justice influenced by teachings of stoic
imporatnt principles in roman law: 1. all people have equal ttreatment under law
2. people are not innocent until proven guilt
3. proof rests w/ accuser rather than accused
4. person puunished for action, not thoughts
5. unreasonable or unfair law could be set aside

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