Western Civ 102 UA
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- Louis Pasteur
- : He developed the germ theory of disease & came up with pasteurization
- Robert Koch
- He developed pure cultures of human bacteria and described their lifecycles; got the ball rolling on disease research in Germany (Germ theory)
- Ignaz Semmelweiss
- sterilization, father of antiseptic procedures; wash your hands
- Joseph Lister
- sterilization of the wounds; chemical disinfectant to a wound would clean it; anti-septic principle
- Charles Darwin
- naturalist; Galapagos Islands- adaptation between each diff. island; On the Origin of the Species (1859) The Descent of Man (1871); Natural Selection
- he asserted that all forms of life has arisen through a long process of continuous adjustment to the environment
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck:
- Scottish explorer who went into Africa. Heart of the nile?
- David Livingstone:
- medicine for malaria that didn’t work well
- Quinine:
- “The White Man’s Burdenâ€; The Jungle Book; most influential British writer of 1820’s \'The White Man\'s Burden\': social Darwinism, imperialize and edify heathens; Our superior tech/religion
- Rudyard Kipling:
- : sent to the Congo by Leo II to establish trading stations, sign “treatiesâ€, and plant Leo’s flag
- Henry M. Stanley
- imperialist, wanted Belgium in the Congo; exploited natives
- Leopold II of Belgium:
- ): conference of European leaders (France & Germany- Bismarck) recognized Leo’s rule over a neutral Congo Free State & agreed to work to stop the slave trade in Africa
- Berlin Conference (1885):
- Open Door policy, instrumental in Panama Canal
- John Hay:
- US wanted this to oppose formal annexation of Chinese territory to prevent 1 Euro-power from dominating; didn’t want China to be divided up like Africa
- “Open Door Policyâ€:
- British were importing opium into China from India, Chinese were trying to restrict it; China was defeated in the wars and was forced to tolerate the opium trade
- The Opium Wars (1839-41, 1857-62
- French had to release this after the Franco-Prussian War (1871); they wanted it back
- Alsace-Lorraine
- Austria and Russia both had interest here; Russians felt connection with Slavic people; Austria had a tight reign on Bosnia
- The Balkans:
- ): linked the Monarchies in an alliance against radical movements; conservative
- Three Emperors\' League (1873-78, Germany, Austria, Russia):
- ): secret alliance organized by Bismarck to neutralize tensions b/w the countries
- Three Emperors\' Alliance (1881-87, Germany, Austria, Russia):
- Germany and Austria (against French aggression) were allied (b/c Russia was flakey) and then Italy makes it the Triple alliance
- Dual/Triple Alliance (1879-1918, Germany, Austria, Italy
- Dual/Triple Alliance (1879-1918, Germany, Austria, Italy):
- Germany and Austria (against French aggression) were allied (b/c Russia was flakey) and then Italy makes it the Triple alliance
- “both sides promised neutrality if the other was attacked; done by Bismarck after Russia didn’t renew the Emperor’s Treaty b/c of tension in Balkans
- Reinsurance Treaty⬝ (1887-90, Germany, Russia):
- Germany didn’t renew the Reinsurance Treaty so France signed it w/ Russia; became military allies; was to remain in effect as long as Triple Alliance
- Franco-Russian Entente (1894):
- (severed all outstanding colonial disputes b/w UK and France)
- Entente Cordiale (1904-1907, France, Britain, Russia):
- : needed a powerful navy to be a world power; 1890 – The Influence of Sea Power in History
- Alfred Thayer Mahan
- revolutionary warship; represented advance in naval technology
- H.M.S. Dreadnought:
- Sarajevo:
- the capital of Bosnia; where Franz Ferdinand was assassinated; a center for revolutionary sentiment towards Austria-Hungary
- German general on the Russian front and he basically became the real ruler of Germany after he helped oust the chancellor in 1917
- Paul von Hindenburg:
- (suspended right to protest); gave government wide powers like censorship and requisition of buildings
- Defence of the Realm Act (DORA):
- organized private industries to produce for the war; controlled profits; allocated labor; fixed wage-rates; settled labor disputes; basically regulated British economy
- Ministry of Munitions:
- pissed off at Germany building up Navy b/c UK had to keep up by spending the “people’s budget†instead of on social welfare; created Ministry of Munitions; PM in 1916
- David Lloyd George:
- halted the Germans progress just outside of Paris; messed up Schlieffen plan
- The Battle of the Marne (1914):
- Germany said they’d back A-H but was wrong b/c their alliance was Defensive not offensive.
- \'The Blank Check\':
- heir to the Austria throne; killed in June 1914; A-H decided Serbia needed to be punished b/c of his death; made an opportunity to take the Balkans
- Archduke Franz Ferdinand:
- member of the Black Hand who murdered Ferdinand and his wife w/ a revolver
- Gavrilo Princip:
- Germany’s only plan of attack before WWI; attack France through neutral Belgium; 91% of army to conquer France in 6 weeks & then use trains to ship army back to Russian front; way to try and avoid a 2 front war
- The Schlieffen Plan: