History Chapter 12 Flashcards
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What is the term for a strict code of chivalry and condut that acted as a guide for the Japanese samurai?
- Bushido
- Which dynasty succeeded in reuniting China?
- Sui dynasty
- Which engineering marvel of the ancient word was created during the Sui dynasty?
- the Grand Canal
- Which places did the Sui dynasty attempt to conquer that led to the dynasty's fall?
- manchuria and northern Korea
- Which dynasty followed the Sui dynasty?
- Tang dynasty
- Where was the capital of the Tang?
- Chang'an
- How many people lived in and around Chang'an, making it the largest city in the world at that time?
- two million
- How many poems were in anthologies, or literary ccollections during the Tang dynasty? How many poets wrote these?
- 48,900; more than 2,300
- Which Daoist spent a great deal of his life seeking pleasure?
- Li Bai
- What were Li Bai's writings like? What did they describe?
- happy, light, and elegant; described the delights of life
- How did Li Bai die according to Chinese legend?
- he became tipsy and drowned while reaching from a boat for his reflection in the moonlit water
- Which poet showed a deap concern for suffering and tragedy, possessed a serious, even solemn, nature, and devoutly follwed the teachings of Confucius?
- Du Fu
- Which religion reached its peak in China under the Tang dynasty?
- Buddhism
- Which is the most popular sect of Buddhism? What did it stress?
- Zen; meditation as a means to enlightenment. It showed a marked similarity to Daoism
- How many shrines and monasteries did the fanatically anti-Buddhist emperor destroy? How many monks and nuns did he force to live ordinary lives?
- 40,000 shrines, 4,600 monasteries, 260,000 monks and nuns
- Which philosophy revived during the Tang dynasty?
- Confucianism
- Which dynasty was overthrown when its last emperor who was also a child was murdered?
- Tang dynasty
- Which dynasty came after the Tang dynasty? Who established this dynasty?
- Song dynasty; Zhao Kuangyin
- Who had occupied Chinese territory in southern Manchuria and invaded as far south as the Huang He?
- the Mongols called the Khitan
- What was the Song capital?
- Kaifeng
- What did the Song dynasty have to pay to keep its capital from being attacked by the Khitan Mongols?
- pay more than 200,000 ounces of silver annually
- Which central Asian people moved into Manchuria and took over northern China?
- the Jurchen
- Which dynasty in the north did the Jurchen establish?
- the Jin dynasty
- What was the capital of the Jin dynasty?
- Beijing
- What became the Song capital after Kaifeng?
- Hangzhou
- Which two cities was overseas commerce centered on?
- Hangzhou and Guangzhou
- What was copper "cash"?
- a small coin
- What was a fine, translucent pottery perfected by Song artisans?
- porcelain
- How often were civil service examinations held under the Song dynasty?
- every three years
- What percecnt of those who had a civil service examination succeeded?
- less than 10 percent
- What percent of those that passed the civil service exam passed the national exam?
- also fewer than 10 percent
- What steps were taken to make sure there was no cheating or corruption under the civil service?
- candidates were identified by numbers, guards watched them take the exam, clerks copied the candidates' papers so the handwriting won't be recognized, three judges read each paper
- Which dynasty invented gun powder? What did they initially use it for?
- Tang dynasty; firecrackers
- Which was another great invention of the Chinese other than gun powder? Under which dynasty was this created?
- printing; Han dynasty
- What was the oldest printed book?
- Diamond Sutra, a Buddhist religious text
- What is the first technique of printing?
- Artisans copy writings by carefully fitting damp paper over the stone inscription and patting the flat surface with soot which resulted in a white-on-black image of the original
- What was the second technique of printing?
- seals of metal or wood on which an inscription was carved in reverse
- What is the third technique of printing?
- the movable type, by which separate characters made of wood, porcelain, or copper can be arranged freely to form words and sentences
- How many seperate movable blocks would have been needed for printers using the movable type of printing to print in Chinese?
- 40,000
- What was the first of the two changes that took place in peasant life during the Tang and Song dynasties?
- many water-control projects were built in South China increasing the number of irrigated fields where rice could be grown; a new kind of quick-ripening rice allowed for two crops a year instead of one; a new crop, tea, came from Southeast Asia
- What was the second of the two changes that took place in peasant life during the Tang and Song dynasties?
- people weren't taxed individually so those living on tax-free estates of high officials didn't have to pay anymore, people were taxed by land
- How did the second change affect peasants?
- they couldn't move to taxfree estates when they produced too little, they had to sell their land and become tenant farmers in which they paid the landlords high rents
- Which merchant and explorer from Venice visited hangzhou and recorded his amazement at its size and beauty?
- Marco Polo
- Which concept did Chinese cooks believe in?
- "the five flavor"- bitter, salty, sour, hot, sweet
- What did the Chinese use as utensils?
- chopsticks
- What did the Chinese eat?
-
ordinary people- rice three times a day with small portions of dried fish and pork
wealthy people- fresh fruits and vegetables and greater quantities of meat and fish - Who was the greatest nomadic leader of all times who had a fighting force of the Mongols who created the largest empire the world has ever known?
- Genghis Khan
- What was the largest number of people Mongolia had?
- 2 million
- How many cavalry troops did the Mongol army consist of at its height?
- 130,000 cavalry troops
- How far could Mongol troops travel with extra horses?
- up to 90 miles in a day
- What was the Mongol's headquarters?
- Karakorum
- What did the Mongols rename Beijing when they conquered it?
- Khanbalik
- Who was the Mongol leader when they completed their conquest of China?
- Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan
- Which grandson of Ghengis Khan invaded Europe?
- Batu
- What did the Mongolian forces become known as to terrify the Europeans? What did this mean?
- the Golden Horde; "golden" for all riches they acuired and "horde" after the Mongolian word ordo, meaning "elite cavalry force"
- Which title recognized someone as the head of the whole Mongol Empire?
- Great Khan
- Which poem described Kublai Khan's lavish summer palace outside the city? Which poet wrote this poem?
- Kubla Khan; English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge
- Which dynasty in North China did Kublai Khan establish? What was its capital?
- the Yuan dynasty; Beijing
- Which dynasty did the Yuan dynasty defeat?
- the Song dynasty
- What was the population of China before a century of invasino and warfare? After?
- 100 million; 59 million
- How long was the stone-surfaced highway built between Hangzhou and Beijing by the orders of Kublai? How long did it take a messenger to cover this highway?
- 1,100 miles; 40 days
- Who was Marco Polo's Chinese counterpart who journeyed across Asia to Persia, then to Constantinople, and eventually to Italy, where he talked with the pope?
- Rabban Bar Sauma of Beijing
- What did Bar Sauma do in France?
- he met King Philip IV and visited the University of Paris
- Explain what the Chinese and the Mongols thought of each other.
- The Mongols valued action; the Chinese valued literature and art. The Chinese disliked the smell and appearance of invaders and the lack of freedom Mongol women had. They had different languages too.
- How many Mongol emperors ruled China after Kublai Khan died? How long did this last?
- seven; 26 years
- Many problems erupted after the death of Kublai Khan, under the seven emperors. What dynasty came to an end because of these problems?
- the Yuan dynasty
- Which countries are part of Indochina historically? Which are part of Indochina geographically?
- Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam; Burma, Malaysia, and Thailand as well
- The ruins of which city offer a reminder of Indian influence in present-day Cambodia?
- Angkor Thom
- Which huge temple lies ruined in the city of Angkor Thom?
- Angkor Wat
- What are the four main islands of Japan on which most of the country's population lives?
- Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and Hokkaido
- Approximately what percent of Japan can be used for farming?
- one-sixth
- About what portion of Japan can be used for farming?
- one-sixth
- How many ships did the mongols use to attempt an invasino of Japan? How many soldiers?
- 3,500 ships; 100,000 soldiers
- What was the name for the extraordinarily powerful typhoon that stopped the Mongols from invading Japan? What do the Japanese call this?
- "Divine Wind"; Kamikaze
- Which religion teaches that spirits live in such objects as sand, waterfalls, and great trees? What does this word mean?
- Shinto; "the way of the gods"
- What are the numerous gods in the Shinto religion called? What does this word mean?
- Kami; "superior"
- Who is the first Japanese emperor according to tradition?
- Jimmu
- How many years back did the Japanese count to get the date of Jimmu's crowning? How was this time achieved?
- 1,260; it was borrowed from the hcinese as representing a major historical cycle
- Who was the first real, or historic Japanese emperor?
- Sujin
- When did the Japanese officially deny the belief that Sujin and his successors descended from the sun goddess?
- 1945, after the Japanese defeat in WWII
- True or false?: The Shinto and Buddism religions in Japanese didn't work well together?
- false
- What did the Japanese adopt from the Chinese?
- Chinese writing and Buddhism
- What was the Japanese capital built after they were influenced by the Chinese? What modern city did this become?
- Heian-kyo; Kyoto
- What was the world's first novel? Who wrote this?
- The Tale of Genji; Lady Murasaki Shikibu
- Which prince, who was the perfect courtier, was written about in The Tale of Genji?
- Prince Genji
- Which family was the first to gain control over the emperor and to use his power to their advantage?
- the Fujiwara
- What is the term for a chief officer of the emperor who was expected to be dutiful to him?
- shogun
- Which family took control of the Japanese government after a long power struggle and introduced the idea of the shogun?
- the Minamoto family
- Which family took over the shogunate from the Minamoto family? How long did they control the office for?
- the Ashikaga family; 200 years
- What is the name for warrior-landlords that led the military units?
- samurai
- What is the code followed by samurais that stressed bravery, loyalty, and honor?
- Bushido
- What is a form of ceremonial suicide that was the honorable way to avoid torture, execution, or defeat in battle?
- seppuku
- What is seppuku also known as? What does this mean?
- hara-kiri; "belly slitting"
- What was the top rank of samurai who gained the loyalty of the leseer samurai?
- daimyos
- Who did Zen Buddhism particularly interest?
- warriors
- Did Zen stress salvation through enlightenment or faith?
- enlightenment
- Which family of shoguns strongly supported Zen Buddhism?
- Ashikaga
- What is the artistic expression of Zen that were highly stylized dance dramas, usually on religious subjects?
- No plays
- Which people controlled the Korean peninsula for most of its history?
- the Chinese
- What was the first dynasty to rule in the Korean peninsula?
- the Han dynasty (Chinese)
- Which kingdom emerged in Korea after the Han dynasty fell?
- Silla
- Who ruled Korea after the Silla?
- the Mongols
- Who ruled Korea after the Mongols?
- the Yi dynasty
- Until when did the Yi dynasty last? What stopped the dynasty?
- 1910; Japan annexed Korea
- Which Yi emperor directed the development of a Korean alphabet?
- Sejong