AP Euro 1st Semester
Terms
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- Ice Age
- A period of extreme glaciers that covered the earth
- Homo erectus
- Pre-evolved homo sapien; did not have language but walked similar to human
- “Great Ice Age"
- The Ice Age which made the land bridge that brought tribes from Russia to North America
- Race
- A culture formed from the environment and climate of the group’s inhabitant area
- Pyrenees
- Mountains that divide Spain from France
- Key Rivers in Europe
- Development near rivers lead to the importance of certain rivers in Europe including: the Thames River (London), Seine River (Paris), Danube River (Vienna and Budapest) and Vistula River (Warsaw)
- modern
- Complicated way of living or what is recent or current
- Megaliths
- Big rock structures, one of the most famous is Stonehenge
- Indo-European
- The languages related to those now spoken in Iran and India; the people who speak these languages are ancestors of classical Romans and Greeks. All languages in Europe today are Indo-European (except Finnish, Hungarian and Basque) including Latin, Greek, Germanic, Slavic, Celtic and Baltic
- City-state
- Small civilizations within Greece which frequently were at war with each other and changed government type
- Oligarchy
- Few representatives ruling over the entire population
- “classical virtuesâ€
- The value of order, system and symmetry of the Greeks- was seen in their architecture, statues and writing
- Galen
- Famous Greek who wrote an encyclopedia of ancient science on medicine
- Roman Provinces
- The Roman empire conquered most of the ancient world west of Persia: Egypt, Greece, Asia Minor and Syria- had the most peoples ever governed from a single center
- Romanization
- The rapid spread of the Roman culture through its provinces and the rest of Europe, including the spoken use of West Latin in most countries
- Romance languages
- The languages transformed from West Latin: French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian
- Orbis terrarium
- The circle of land controlled by the Roman empire
- Pax Romana
- The Roman empire kept peace, and held justice within its people
- Roman law
- Was a body of principles established by Roman lawyers and favored the state interests rather than the interests of individual people
- Caesaropapism
- Is the holding of one man by the powers of ruler and of pontiff; also that spiritual and political power were joined
- St. Augustine
- Wrote the City of God- about how there are two different cities, earthly and heavenly and that the emperor is a man, not God
- Constantine
- Emperor of Rome who embraced Christianity and created Constantinople
- barbarians
- People who didn’t speak Latin or Greek and were never brought into civilization (Celts in Wales and Scotland, Germans and Persians)
- Byzantine Empire
- The later Greece and Rome which included the Asia Minor peninsula, Balkan peninsula and parts of Italy; it was Christian in religion and Greek in culture and language
- Caliphate
- The successor of Muhammad
- Latin Christendom
- Italy, France, Belgium, Rhineland and Britain where the government had fallen and the lands were taken inhabited by barbarians
- Bishopric
- A government in control of a bishop and the Church
- Rule of St. Benedict
- Monasteries had specific schedule of praying and working under the control of St. Benedict
- “Petrine Supremacyâ€
- Endowment of Rome’s government to the bishop
- Donation of Constantine
- Showed that the emperor had given the rule of Rome to the bishop; wasn’t found to be a forgery until the 15th century
- Charlemagne
- Crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor by the pope (prior to that he was a Frankish king); pushed Muslims out of Spain, but couldn’t get the Eastern empire
- Aix-la-Chapelle
- The new capital of the Holy Roman Empire because it was close to Charlemagne
- Harun al Rashid
- the great caliph at Bagdad
- Magyars
- Hungarian barbarians
- Vikings
- a tribe of Germanic barbarians who settled in Scandinavia
- Kiev
- the capital of Ukraine which the Vikings captured
- Great Schism of the East and West
- the West and the East began to drift apart. The East not recognizing the bishop of Constatinople was a great factor in this breakup
- Secular
- Not religious
- Serfdom
- Villagers worked in the lord’s estate in return for protection, but they could not leave
- “nucleated†villages
- communities of the rural population who wanted more security, more contact between families and better access to blacksmith or priest. They also had communally organized agriculture
- “three-field†system
- Divided the land into three parts and rotated the crops that they would plant every year (each year one part would be unplanted); gave the village a greater food supply
- Feudalism
- the count gave protection to the lesser lords in return for peace and military support- he became their lord and they became his vassals
- Hugh Capet
- Was elected king of France by the lords
- William, Duke of Normandy
- Conquered and developed feudalism in England
- Manor System
- The lord kept serfs at his manor to work the land in return for protection