WC: Byzantines and Slavs; Islamic Civilization

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Who is the prayer leader that guides in prayer at mosque (Islam)?: imam
The population didn't support Leo III's order, and in 787 A.D., - .: a church council approved the use of icons
Islam: All areas of life placed under divine law given to Muhammad and recorded in - .: Quran
Georgia was once part of a kingdom known as - .: Colchis
Within the Islamic community, many people of Yathrib accepted Muhammad as - and - .: messenger of god and ruler of city
What was the small but prosperous town located near vital land and water routes?: Moscow
The Moscow Church used - instead of Greek or Latin in church.: Russian
What did the Eastern Slavs use for transportation? What did this result in?: rivers; became a trade area
Who was commanded to honor parents, show kindness to neighbors, protect orphans/widows, give generously to poor; murder, stealing, lying, and adultery condemned?: Islams, by the Quran
In the 1000's A.D., who won control of Armenia?: Seljuk Turks (then the Ottomans, Persians, and Russians)
When the Muslims defeated Makkans and won support of many - .: Arab groups outside Madinah
Acceptance of Eastern Orthodoxy tended to - Eastern Slavs from - .: isolate; the outside world
Moscow leaders stressed the importance of obedience to - and - .: czar and government
Who built the Hagia Sophia, "Holy Wisdom," in Constantinople, which was the largest most beautiful church in the Byzantine Empire?: Justinian
In which city did Muhammad laid foundation of Islamic state?: Madinah
In 532 A.D., a revolt of taxpayers in Constantinople threatened the government. Justinian was told to leave, but - told him to be strong. What was the result?: Theodora; never challenged again
Mu'awiyah wanted revenge for his uncle's murder and accused who?: Ali's supporters
Besides Roman traditions and Latin, what other language and culture did the Byzantine Empire preserve?: Greek
Which Islamic dynasty made Arabic the official language, minted currency, built roads, established postal routes.: Umayyads
The Byzantine empire was the - half of the divided Roman Empire.: eastern
The Quran forbade the use of - in winning converts, but if you died in a jihad you would immediately enter paradise.: force
In what year was Constantinople built?: 330 A.D.
What is the word for the submission to the will of Allah: Islam
During Justinian's reign, the - in the east, under - , was a serious military threat.: The Sassanian Empire of Persia; Chosroes
Which city was encouraged by the development of a unique national style of icon painting/building construction?: Moscow
What are church officials like priests and bishops?: clergy
What city is still a center of government, religion and culture today for Russia?: Moscow
Who defeated the Russian armies and conquered the Slavs?: The Mongols
What brought Arabs into contact with other civilizations and changed Arab history?: Islam
In the 700's A.D., a dispute broke out over the use of - in the Christian religion in the Byzantine Empire.: icons
Which city, the center of Islam, became known as Madinat al-Nabi ('the city of the prophet') or Madinah?: Yathrib
What are people who carry a religious message called, in this case sent from Byzantine monastaries?: Missionaries
- of Moscow supported his people in their refusing to pay taxes: Ivan III
What were religious images called?: icons
One of Ali's most powerful rivals, - , governor of Syria, had an uncle who was a caliph (and was murdered).: Mu'awiyah
During Justinian's reign, the - thrived and achieved their distinct character.: arts, architecture
What kept empires in northern part of region from invading Arab lands?: Geographic remoteness
In 1204 A.D., who agreed to help the Venetians attack Constantinople, burning and destroying nearly every important thing in the city?: Christian soldiers
Why were the Arabs successful in conquering so many countries?: because their faith was unifying (one goal- spread Islam)
What did Byzantine literature focus on?: Salvation of the soul and obedience to God's will
When the Makkans invaded Yathrib, what did the Muslims do?: Muslims retaliated in self-defense
What was the most popular form of art in the Byzantine Empire, that portrayed saints and other religious figures?: Icons
To Muslims, Allah is same god as God of - and - .: Jews and Christians
What is another word for religious teachings?: Theology
What occurs in month of Ramadan (9th month in Muslim calendar)?: fasting
The conversion to Eastern Orthodoxy brought - to Kievan Rus.: Byzantine culture
Islam: Decreed all Muslims to place loyalty to Islamic community above loyalty to - .: tribe
What role did Byzantine emperors play in church affairs?: appointed church officials; defined the style of worship; used the wealth of the church for government purposes
While Muslim armies were fighting, rival groups fought for the what?: caliphate
What are temporary rulers, in this case describing the ranks that some educated women achieved?: Regents
In ancient times many Arabs were - , nomads who herded sheep/camel/goats and lived in tents of felt from camel/goat hair).: Bedouin
Who came from central Asia and defeated the Byzantines, forcing them to ask the Pope for help?: Seljuk Turks
Islam: Extended protection to Jews and Christians who accepted - .: the political authority of the Islamic community
What are pictures made of many tiny pieces of colored glass or flat stone set in plaster, a form of art the Byzantines excelled in?: Mosaic
Hajj is a visible expression of Muslim - .: unity
Who were the most successful missionaries who reasoned that people would be more inclinded to accept it if it was in their own language?: Cyril and Methodius
What happened when Ali asked Mu'awiyah to step down from his government position?: Mu'awiyah refused; they began fighting
What did the control of Kiev enable Oleg to do?: Dominate the water trade route
Islam: Disputes settled by whom?: Muhammad
Though women were supposed to live partly in seclusion, they gained some rights because of - .: Theodora
What peninsula is between Red sea and Persian Gulf?: Arabian
What were Emperor Leo III's supporters called?: Iconoclasts, "image breakers"
Who was the prophet of Islam, born in Makkah ~ AD 570?: Muhammad
What is another word for separation, in this case referring to the separation of the Eastern and Western Roman Catholic churches?: Schism
In which direction do you face when praying as an Islam?: towards Makkah
What was created in 850 A.D., to train scholars and lawyers for government jobs?: University of Constantinople
Which group of people viewed Camel/horse races, storytelling and poetry as entertainment?: Bedouin
Which missionary developed the Cyrillic alphabet for the Slavic people?: Cyril
When 60 Islamic families from Makkah to Yathrib, it was called - .: Hijrah (emigration)
The - were among the largest groups living in eastern Europe. They were passed the leadership of the Eastern Orthodox world from the Byzantines.: the Slavs
What was the result of Ali's death (regarding his son)?: his older son renounced his claim to the caliphate
The capital of Byzantine was - .: Constantinople
Merchants persecuted Muhammad and Muslims which persisted until threats against life caused him to seek help outside city, from - .: Yathrib, a small town north of Makkah
What were the religious communities formed around the late 300's A.D. throughout the Byzantine empire?: Monastaries
From sunrise to sunset, during Ramadan, they don't eat/drink, and during the last three days, there is a - .: 3 day celebration for end of fast
What was the source of most Byzantine art?: Religious subjects
Quran presents basic moral values of what major religion?: Islam
After Rome's fall, who/what was regarded as heir to Roman power and traditions?: the Byzantine Empire
Under whose rule did a sophisticated urban civilization developed based on the people?: Harun al-Rashid
Justinian's wife, - , was beautiful, intelligent, and ambitious. She actively participated in government, and especially promoted -.: Theodora; women's rights
How did Ali die?: Ali was stabbed by a disillusioned follower
Eastern Slavs lived in villages made up of - .: Related family members
What were the Arab holy men called that denounced worship of idols and belief in one god- rejected Judaism and Christianity, preferring to find Arab form of monotheism?: Hanifs
Who seized the Byzantine lands in southern Italy in 1701 A.D.?: Normans
Makkah became spiritual capital of - and Madinah remained political capital: Islam
Which two kingdoms next to the Byzantine Empire also went through periods of prosperity and decline?: Armenia and Georgia
Who was the chief appointed by head of families in an Arab tribe, who was advised by council of elders?: Sheikh
Because of the marshy ground, the Mongols never conquered - .: Novgorod
Who was employed, as a teen, to a wealthy widow named Kadija (and later married her)?: Muhammad
Who was the first woman to hold the Byzantine Empire in her own right, and allowed the use of icons within reason?: Empress Irene
The Bedouins lived in tribes of what?: related families
At the height of the Byzantine Empire, it was ruled by - , the son of prosperous peasants from Macedonia.: Justinian
As it was an Islamic tradition, Muhammad experienced - , or 'vision'.: revelation
Which prince of Novgorod defeated the Swedes?: Alexander Nevsky
'successor:' one was chosen, not to replace Muhammed, but to preserve Islamic culture and tradition: Caliph
Who absorbed the Armenians and forced them to pay tribute?: The Persians
Why did Arabs value family ties?: ensured protection and survival in desert
What did the first Armenians do when they settled in present day Armenia?: intermarried with the local people; built towns
Who feared monotheistic worship would end pilgrimages to Makkah?: wealthy merchants and religious leaders
- , the youngest son of Nevsky, became the ruler of Moscow.: Daniel
Contacts with the Byzantines, Persians, and Ethiopians introduced the Arabs to what two monotheistic religions?: Judaism and Christianity
Which Armenian king was converted to Christianity?: Tiridates III; it was accepted by most Armenians
Whose armies aquired Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Persia, and Eqypt, then later the Perisan Empire?: Arab
Who built Constantinople?: Constantine
Mu'awiyah became the first caliph of the - dynasty: Umayyad
On what kind of landform was Constantinople located? What advantage did this give it?: peninsula; it gave Constantinople control over trade
How was God's messages expressed in the Quran?: stories, legends, teachings, and exhortations
What oath did the emperor/empress take upon being crowned in the Byzantine Empire?: defend the Christian faith
When Muhammad died, he left behind what 2 major achievements?: growth of monotheistic religion, equal to Judaism and Christianity; well organized political-religious community that increased Arab's power and influence
Who developed the Armenian alphabet?: Mesorb, an Armenian monk and scholar
What was the final authority in matters of faith and life style for Muslims?: Quran
The Byzantine citizens who had to pay the heaviest taxes were the: a) laborers b) herders c) farmers: c) farmers. They were expected to support the government, since the basis of the Byzantine Empire was agriculture.
Muslims destroyed idols in Kaaba and turned shrine into - .: a place of worship for Muslim pilgrims
A - is an immense plain, here where the Slavs settled.: steppe
Law was separated from what in Islamic society?: religion
Who was called the Emperor Who Never Sleeps? Why?: Justinian; had a unquenchable thirst for knowledge
The Quran was written in what language?: Arabic
In 533 A.D. Justinian began to try to recreate the Roman Empire. After fighting many years, - .: resources ran low and they lost most of their territory
Muhammad established beliefs and practices for followers based on - .: revelations
In Byzantine religion, who was regarded as God's representatives on earth?: Emperors
In 747 A.D., non-Arab Muslims and anti-Umayyad joined together and overwhelmed who?: Umayyads
Justinian was most well known for his - , put together by scholars and now serve as the basis for most European legal systems.: law code
After Georgia was conquered by - , it slowly declined as it was repeatedly conquered by the same people who conquered the Armenians.: the Mongols
Abu'l-'Abbas established what city?: Baghdad
What are the territories that Kieven Rus split up into?: Principalities
What were the followers of Ali called, who never accepted Mu'awiyah's rule?: Shiite
Before the late 900's A.D., the Eastern Slavs believed in what kind of religion?: Polytheism, nature gods..
Ali's son was - ; the Shiite reserved the caliphate for him.: Husayn
Who was one of the most important grand princes of Kiev?: Vladimir
Who heard a voice calling him to be apostle of Allah?: Muhammad
Who became Grand Prince after Vladimir died, established the first library, made a legal system, and made many allies by marrying his daughters and sisters to other countries?: Yaroslav
Who brought all of the Russian principalities under his rule?: Ivan III
Who was the first member of the Kievan nobility to accept Christianity?: Princess Olga
Who ordered Muslims to retrieve messages from wherever they could be found, which took 20 yrs?: Abu Bakr, Muhammad's successor
Who decided to abandon the old beliefs of Kiev and explore all different kinds of religion?: Prince Vladimir
Muhammad's messages, compiled by Abu Bakr was called the - .: Quran
Principalities were ruled by - .: princes
800's A.D.: Persian Muslims set up the - dynasty in Bukhara, which became a major commercial, religious, and educational center along with several other cities.: Samanid dynasty
The princes of the principalities were assisted by councils of wealthy merchants and landed nobles, called - .: boyars
The murders of Ali and Husayn led to a permant - in the Islamic world.: schism
What were the rulers of Kiev known as?: Grand Princes
According to Muslim tradition, angel Gabriel revealed divine messages to Muhammad over how many years?: 22
The arrival of the Vikings at the Eastern Slavic area was recorded in what book?: Primary Chronicle
Sunni followed the traditions of Islam, but the Shiite aimed to - .: destroy the existing caliphate
Which fortress-village did Prince Oleg conquer?: Kiev
Since warfare was an important part of Bedouin life, they strongly believed in - .: retaliation
Which Viking leader was asked to reign over the Eastern Slavs?: Rurik
The Islamic pilgrimage to Makkah is called - .: hajj
What were the major occupations of Eastern Slavic men?: farmers and hunters
After Ivan III married Sophia (niece of the last Byzantine emperor) he took the title - .: Czar
Since the Eastern Slavs weren't warlike, they depended on the - for protection and leadership.: Vikings
What were the farm houses made of sturdy logs built by the Eastern Slavs called?: Izbas
New capital of the Umayyads: Damascus
The Roman Empire split in the year - .: 395 A.D.
Who was Rurik's successor that conquered a fortress-village?: Prince Oleg
What was presented in Quran, discussing faith, prayer, alms-giving, fasting, and pilgrimage to Makkah?: 5 Pillars of Islam
Which group of Slavs were the ancestors of the modern Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes?: South Slavs
Mu'awiyah nearly lost the battle, but then he - , and Ali refused to strike anyone bearing the word of God.: tied copies of the Quran to the tips of their lances
Which Slavic culture was greatly influenced by the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches?: South Slavs
Abbasid Empire reached its height under Caliph - .: Harun al-Rashid
Which group of Slavs became today's Ukrainians, Russians, and Belarussians?: Eastern slavs
Muhammad's marriage relieved him of financial worries, allowing him to - .: reflect upon the meaning of life
Which group of Slavs was the largest group?: Eastern Slavs
What is the struggle to introduce Islam to other lands?: Jihad
Which group of Slavs were the ancestors of the people of modern day Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia?: West Slavs
How did Moscow expand its territory?: Using war and marriages
Which group of Slavs settled in the Balkan Peninsula, and were often exposed to the Byzantines?: South Slavs
What also emerged in other parts of the crumbling Abbasid Empire?: Independent states
What were church members who weren't clergy called?: laity
What was the code of law, an organization of Islamic moral rules by legal scholars and theology?: shari'ah
Which group of slavs lived in the marshlands, plains, and mountains of east-central europe?: West slavs
After Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 A.D., - stood alone as the center of the Eastern Orthodox Church.: Muscovy
Who built an independent Armenian kingdom that was defeated and absorbed by the Romans?: King Tigran II
"Followers of the way;" majority of the Muslims.: Sunni
Who was John of Damascus?: A Byzantine theologian who defended the use of icons in the Christian church.
The first four caliphs- (elected for life; were close friends/relatives of Muhammed) were called what?: The Rightly Guided Caliphs
Tension heightened between the eastern and western Christian churches in the 700's A.D. when - .: the Germanic Lombards invaded Italy. The Pope appointed the leader of the Lombards emperor, something only the Byzantine emperor could do.
Faithful Muslims wrote down/memorized messages, but weren't compiled into one written collection until - .: after Muhammad died
What was the major Byzantine industry?: Weaving silk
Who was the first caliph (Islam)?: Abu Bakr
In 726 A.D., Byzantine Emperor - ordered all icons to be removed from the church, as it led to the worship of idols.: Leo III
Who established the Abbasid dynasty, and had a new city built, Baghdad, located on the banks of the Tigris River?: Caliph Abu'l-'Abbas
Under which leader did Georgia prosper?: Queen Tamara
What did the first four caliphs strive to do?: Sought to protect, spread Islam
Constantinople was known as - because of its emperors and language.: New Rome
Ivan III married - (niece of the last Byzantine emperor).: Sophia
In the Byzantine Empire, one walking through the streets would notice many people in heated discussions over - , which often led to riots.: religion; ex: the relationship of Jesus the Son to God the Father.
Who is the leader of the Orthodox church in the Eastern Slavic lands?: metropolitan
What religious group invaded Armenia, but failed to conquer the country?: Muslims
What was the Arab holy shrine in Makkah called?: Kaaba
Who borrowed a lot from the Byzantines, and created their civilization on the foundation of Byzantine religion, law and culture?: The Slavs
- ties replaced tribal ties in Arab trading towns.: Business
What was the center of social life for most Byzantines?: Family
Which dynasty improved conditions for other religious groups; they had to pay a tax, but they were tolerated (monotheism = similarity)?: Umayyads
How did the Byzantines feel about moving between the social classes?: Flexible
The Muscovites defeated the Mongols at the Battle of - .: Kulikovo
What were the books that were decorated with elaborate designs, beautiful lettering, and miniature paintings called?: Illuminated manuscript; made by the religious scholars of the Byzantine Empire
Who was called the Money Bag because he was trusted by the Mongols to collect taxes?: Daniel's son, Ivan III
What were the advantages to monastaries?: monks could lead a spritual life as well as help other people and setting a good example as a Christian
When Husayn returned to reclaim the caliphate, Umayyad troops - .: massacred all but the women and a young son in a battle
Who conquered Georgia, built new roads, and introduced their laws and customs?: The Romans
During which empire did lands conquered by the Umayyads broke free.: Abbasid Empire
After Justinian died, the Lombards took over Italy. The Slavs entered Constantinople, but it was the - who succeeded in conquering the Byzantine Empire.: Arabs
Which empire(s) threatened to take over Arab lands?: Byzantine and Persian
How should the people of Makkah live their lives?: in preparation for day of judgment
Arabs had common language, but lacked - and - to solve problems.: a sense of unity and central government
Islamic followers were expected to express devotion in prayers how many times a day?: five
Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford the trip is expected to make the pilgrimage how many times?: once in a lifetime at least
God measured worth of people by - and - .: devotion and good deeds

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Number of cards 209