Adv 2 exam 2
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- the properly worded recommendation for sodium intake per day for the older adult
- 1500 mg
- rickets is primarily associated with deficiency of vitamin
- D
- vitamin plays a key role in transamination
- pyridoxide (b6)
- deficient nutrient causes megaloblastic anemia
- cyanocobalamin (b12)
- vitamin has as its primary function the maintenance of calcium homeostasis
- vitamin D
- serotonin is produced by the body from tryptophan. what nutrient would be most important for this conversion to occur?
- pyridoxine (b6)
- vitamin C is necessary for
- connective tissue synthesis
- functions in muscle contraction and helps regulate blood coagulation
- calcium
- iron facilitates transfer of electrons in
- the respirator chain
- what element is a constituent of vit b12?
- cobalt
- too much non-heme iron could increase risk for deficiency of vit A through the adverse interaction with which nutrient?
- zinc
- through action of aldosterone, potassium is:
- lost from the body
- main univalent cation of intracellular fluid
- potassium
- not commonly recommended
- potassium supplements
- a B complex vitamin, involved in energy metabolism, water soluble
- pantothenic acid
- high dietary iron to zinc ratio could lead to
- reduced visual acuity
- element is a constituent of the thyroid hormones
- iodine
- nutrients have been reported to help improve glucose metabolism/utilization in the body
- chromium
- ionin form of iron that is absorbed the most efficiently
- Fe+2
- in proper levels of intake, a primary function of ascorbic acid is to act as an
- antioxidant
- the storage chemical 5-methyl THF requires the action of this nutrient in order to form its active state
- b12
- vitamin believed to function like a steroid hormone
- calcitriol (active vit D)
- vitamin directs cellular differential of epithelial cells
- A
- plays a contributing role in hydroxyapatite crystal formation
- flouride
- blood coagulation and bone metabolism (osteocalcin activity)
- vit K
- best nutrient to promote carboxylation reactions
- biotin
- functions in decarboxylation reactions, is a fatty acid derivative (sulfur derivative), funtions in antioxidant choices
- lipoic acid
- reduces inorganic iron to allow a more efficient absorption into the gut cell
- ascorbic acid
- glycoprotein that serves as a transporter of copper
- ferroxidase (ceruloplasmin)
- as blood homocysteine increases, risk for cardiovascular disease
- increases
- low stomach acid would enhance gut microbes which may produce
- vit k
- supplement together
- folic acid and b12
- high levels of what are found in certain foods like the red tomato. cooking and fat enhances absorption
- lycopene
- intakes of zinc over the UL can induce
- hypochromic microcytic anemia
- very toxic at high levels
- retinyl acetate supplements, instead use pro-vit A carotenoids
- transketolase activation is used to determine the nutritional status for
- b1 (thiamin)
- UL for ascorbic acid (a pro-oxidant at high levels)
- 2 g/day
- deficient nutritients will lead to hypochromic microcytic anemia
- pyridoxine, Fe, copper
- IOM raised the high end range of fat intake to
- lower the GI of the diet
- certain forms of kidney disease could cause
- bone disease
- causes sodium and water to be reabsorbed and potassium is lost
- aldosterone
- nicotinic acid (b3)has the following affect (g doses per day)
- reduction in LDL, reduction in VLDL, elevation in HDL
- two minerals that are part of the hydroxyapatite
- calcium and phosphorus
- nutrients that help promite normal blood pressure
- potassium, magnesium, calcium
- atheletes training in heat and humidity have elevated levels of what (helps conserve na and water)
- aldosterone
- newborns and long-term vegetarians cause increased risk for
- vit K deficiency
- found in dark green leaves plus gut fermentation
- vit K
- important for kinase reactions and energy metabolism
- magnesium
- promotes phosphorylation in energy pathways
- kinase reactions
- vit b6 is indirectly involved in energy metabolism due to its role in forming:
- niacin
- activates osteocalcin
- vit K
- current potassium intake recommendation
- 4700 mg/day
- due to poor absorption from food, those over 50 should take
- b12 supplements
- excessive intake increases risk for internal hemorrhage
- vit E
- activation can be used to determine the nutritional status for riboflavin
- glutathione reductase
- zinc intake over UL (40 mg) may cause deficiency in iron utilization due to adverse affects on
- copper
- body can convert some carotenoid forms into
- vit A
- form of alpha-tocopherol that is not active
- l
- biochemical that's synthesized with the help of vit C underscores the importance of vit C to fat metabolism
- carnitine
- acetyl-CoA contains
- pantothenic acid
- an FDA approved color additive and used in tanning pills
- canthaxanthin
- fat soluble vit that has as a principal function the mainenance of membrane integrity
- tocopherols (vit E)
- proper wording for labeling low sodium food
- less than or equal to 140 mg/day
- folate is vitally important for dividing cells during growth because of its role in the synthesis of
- purines and pyrimidines
- enhance the uptake of non-heme iron into the gut cell
- ascorbic acid, lactic acid, fish
- mineral essential in the action of glutathione peroxidase in the reduction of organic peroxides and hydrogen peroxide
- selenium (antioxidant)
- superoxide dismutase (needed to protect the body from superoxide radicals) requires this for activity
- manganese, copper, zinc
- food with isoflavones to reduce cancer risk
- soy milk (1 c/day) about 40 mg isoflavones/cup
- carotenoids can be
- red, yellow, orange
- contain all eight major forms of vit E
- certain nuts like almonds
- eat to increase carotenoid consumption
- spinach (colors are hidden by chlorophyll)
- strong anti-oxidants
- carotenoids
- rich carotenoid food
- sweet potato
- food chemical that is a carotenoid
- lycopene
- benefits obtained from vegetables, lowers risk for H. pylori induced ulcers, reduce risk for several human cancers, an isothiocyanate, found in brocolli, induces hepatic detoxifying enzymes
- sulforaphane
- structural varients of vit E
- tocotrienols
- major dietary source for lignans (phytoestrogen) and may lower cancer risk
- flax
- phytoestrogen supplements may be
- toxic
- deep red tomato sauce is a food signigicant in
- lycopene
- high ORAC food
- red grape juice (deep purple foods)
- best food choice for sulfurophane
- brocolli (a Brassica vegetable)
- important for eye health
- lutein, zeaxanthin
- 3rd group of phytoestrogens: stilbene
- resveratrol (not a carotenoid)
- plant sterols have structures similar to
- cholesterol (lowers cholesterol absorption, present in new margarine)
- can interfere with cholesterol absorption, present in certain margarine
- plant sterols
- best for phytonutrient allicin is
- garlic (alliin to allicin with air exposure and enzyme alliinase)
- increase production of cellular phase-2 enzymes thereby reducing the risk for certain cancers
- phytochemicals in brassica vegetables
- carotenoids can form this in the human body
- vit A
- deficiency will induce large red cell anemia
- folacin, B12, Vit E
- isothiocyanate-like chemicals increase cellular production of phase-2 enzymes thereby potentially having
- an anti-cancer effect
- the HMS enzyme transketolase is an excellent measure of nutritional assessment of:
- thiamin
- active coenzyme of vit B12 is:
- methylcobalamin
- deficiency of the cobalamins is a condition that causes
- peripheral nerve damage
- pyridoxal phosphate is important in potentially reeducing risk for:
- cardiovascular disease
- biochemical action relates most closely to folacins role in purine metabolism
- methyl transfer (single carbon transfer)
- to obtain a more effective B12 metabolism, one should purchase as a supplement:
- cyanocobalamin coenzyme
- Vit C is necessary for:
- a strong connective tissue through hydroxylation reactions
- functions of purine/pyrimidine synthesis
- protection and repair of DNA
- organic molecule with an attached essential mineral
- ligand (cobald in vit B12)
- adding methyl group to homocystein makes....
- methionine
- formed in nerve cells and makes chemicals to form myelin sheath
- methionine
- DRI for Vit B12
- 2.4 mcg
- supplemental B12 is NOT:
- a protein complex
- deficiency of B12 causes:
- nerve damage
- defeciency of B12 can take several years to develop because of:
- large body stores of B12 and because of enterhepatic reabsorption
- stomach surgery/disease may cause:
- decreased IF, decreased acid, decreased pepsin, decreased "R" factor
- ileal surgery/disease may cause:
- decreased receptors for B12 absorption
- vegans, stomach surgery, ileal surgery, parasitism, achlorhydria, alcoholism, elderly, individuals lacking IF
- where B12 deficiency can be seen