Biology 110
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- In humans, lactic acid provides rapid bursts of ATP in what type of cells, even if there is a limited oxygen supply?
- Muscle Cells
- Lactate is _______ to cells.
- Toxic
- At first, blood carries lactate away; then builds up causing muscles to do what?
- Fatigue and cramp
- Lactic acid causes the body to develop an ___________ and the _________ must convert lactate to pyruvate.
- "Oxygen debt"; liver
- What type of cells carry on the most fermentation of lactic acid?
- Muscle Cells
- ___________________ is a series of carriers that accept the electrons removed from glucose.
- Electron Transport Chain
- The Electron transport chain occurs inside mitochondria in the ________.
- Cristae
- The electrons from the electron transport chain are passed from carrier to carrier to eventually produce ________ and 32-34 ____.
- Water; ATP
- The Electron transport chain is the metabolic process that produces the most ____.
- ATP
- __________ is the breaking down of molecules.
- Catabolism
- Catabolism results in an ATP buildup that is used by _______.
- Anabolism
- ________ is the building up of molecules.
- Anabolism
- _______ can synthesize all the amino acids they need
- Plants
- Humans cannot make 9 amino acids, so the _________________ must supply them in the diet.
- Essential Amino Acids
- Photosynthesis converts solar energy into the chemical energy of a what?
- Carbohydrate
- Plants, algae, and some bacteria perform phosynthesis; they're called ___________.
- Producers
- Photosynthesis occurs where?
- Chloroplasts
- Oppenings called __________ allow gases to enter the center of a leaf where ____________ cells contain the chloroplasts; water reaches these cells from vessels that extend to the roots.
- Stomata; Mesophyll Cells
- Solar energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O => C6H1206 +602
- Photosynthesis equation
- Water molecules are ______.(In photosynthesis)
- Oxidized
- Carbondioxide is ________. (In photosynthesis)
- Reduced
- Electrons from water are energized by what? (In photosynthesis)
- Solar Energy
-
Photosynthesis has 2 sets of reactions:
"photo"= _________________
"synthesis"= _______________ - Light dependent reactions; Calvin cycle reactions
- Thylakoids are stracked to form what?
- Grana
- Grana are surrounded by the what?
- Stroma
- Enzymes in the fluid filled stroma reduce carbon dioxide and the ________ cycle occurs in the stroma.
- Calvin Cycle
- Light reaction occurs in the ________ membrane.
- Thylakoid membrane
- ________________: method of producing ATP which is tied to an electrochemical gradient in the thylakoid.
- Chemiosmosis
- Enzymes in the fluid filled _________ reduce carbon dioxide and the Calvin Cycle occurs here.
- Stroma
- Chewed food is mixed with saliva into a ______ for swallowing.
- Bolus
- salivary ________: is an enzyme that starts starch digestion.
- amylase
- food going the "wrong way": the ________ & __________ closes off the nasopharynx and the ________ covers the glottis forcing the bolus down the esophagus.
- Soft palate & Uvula; epiglottis
-
_____________:
1. muscular tube that conducts food bolus from pharynx to the stomach
2.no role in chemical digestion
3. movement only - Esophagus
- The rhythmic contraction in the esophagus is called what?
- Peristalsis
- Where does the stomach recieve the food from?
- The Esophagus
- What enzyme starts protein digestion in the stomach?
- pepsin
- The stomach acts on food mechanically and chemically to produce the soupy ______.
- chyme
- Another name for the small intestine is what?
- Duodenum
- The small intestine has a large surface area for absorption due to what?
- Villi
- Glucose and amino acids are absorbed in to the ________________ system from inside the small intestine.
- Cardiovascular System
- Fats are absorbed into what system from the small intestine?
- Lymphatic System
- The process of food digestion is complete after what organ?
- The Small intestine
- ______: blind end of the large intestine, below the junction of the small intestine where the ______ is attached
- Cecum; Appendix
- _____: where defecation occurs
- Anus
- The large intestine does not produce ______________, but it does absorb ______, _______, and some vitamins.
- Digestive enzymes; water, salts
- What is the main function of the large intestine?
- To absorb water, salts and some vitamines
- The ________ is the largest gland in the body.
- Liver
- The liver stores iron and vitamines, detoxifies blood, stores glucose as __________, and regulates blood cholesterol levels
- Glycogen
- _________: is a yellowish tint to the whites of the eyes and also the skin. It is due to an increase in bilirubin.
- Jaundice
- ______________ (bread, pasta) can be converted to glucose and used rapidly. Body cells can use fatty acids as an energy source but brain cells require _______.
- Complex carbohydrates; glucose
- _____________ (table sugar) contribute to energy needs and ____________ w/o supplying other nutrients. These are empty calories.
- Simple carbohydrates; weight gain
- How many essential amino acids can the body NOT make?
- 8
- __________: organic compounds that the body can't make but needs for metabolism; many are part of coenzymes.
- Vitamins
- The vitamins ___, ___, and ___ are anti-oxidants that protect cell contents from damage due to _____________.
- A, C, E; free radicals
- _________: unstable molecules produced by cell metabolism that can donate an electron to DNA, protein, enzymes, etc. and can damage cell structures or cause cancer.
- Free Radicals
- Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis both utilize an ___________ chain.
- Electron transport chain
- Photosynthesis reduces carbon dioxide to a what??
- Carbohydrate
- Oxidation of water releases _________ in photosynthesis.
- Oxygen
- Cellular respiration oxidizes ____________, and carbon dioxide is given off. _________ is reduced to water.
- Carbohydrate; Oxygen