Anatomy & Physiology: Integumenary System
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- How does the integumentary system provide cutaneous sensation?
- receptors in the skin perceive changes
- Where are sebaceous found?
- all over the body except the palms and soles of the feet
- Which cells produce keratin, which gives structure and protection?
- Keratinocytes
- What is the function of sebaceous glands?
- secrete sebum (oil)- secreted into hair follicle or to pore of skin
- What substances penetrate the integumentary system?
-
- lipid solubles (O2, CO2, Vitamins A,D, E, K)
- plant oils, poison ivy
- acetone, paint thinner
- salts of heavy metals- lead, mercury - What is the over activity of oil glands in infants, causing "oily" flakes on the scalp?
- Seborrhea
- How does the integumentary system regulate temperature?
-
- sweating
- dissapating heat - What is another name for sebaceous glands?
- oil glands
- Biologically, which cells provide protection (in the form of a barrier, directly)?
- langerhans cells
- Acidic secretions by the integumentary system does what?
- kills bacteria
- What is the function of melanin?
- UV protection
- What is the function of apocrine sweat glands?
- unknown
- Epidermis is replaced every __ - __ days.
- 35 - 45
- Which modified sweat gland secretes earwax?
- ceruminous glands
- Why is the integumentary system a physical barrier?
- continuity/hardness of keratinized cells; most substances can't get thru
- Which modified sweat gland secretes milk?
- mammary glands
- The growth of keratinocytes is controlled by a hormone called what?
- epidermal growth factor
- What softens and lubricates skin and hair?
- sebaceous glands
- Which cell type produces melanin?
- Melanocyte
- What appendage of the skin slows water loss?
- sebaceous glands
- What is the most predominant cell type that makes up the epidermis?
- Keratinocytes
- What gland is bacteriocidal (kills bacteria)?
- sebaceous glands
- How does the integumentary system perform metabolic functions?
- makes vitamin d which helps with the absorption of calcium
- What is the inflammation of the sebaceous glands caused by bacterial infections resulting in the blockage of ducts?
- acne
- What are the two functions of the integumetory system?
-
- barrier to the environment
- holds in water - What prevents the breakage of hair?
- sebaceous glands
- How does the integumentary system provide a blood resevoir?
- holds about 5% of entire blood volume
- What skin cancer usually occurs as lesions in areas frequently exposed to the sun?
- basal cell carcinoma
- major skin area where derivatives (hair, nails) reside
- dermis
- Which epidermal layer is the deepest?
- Stratum basale
- common result of inflammation, allergy and fever
- erythema
- Which type of cell is associated with sensory nerve endings?
- merkel cells
- vascular region
- dermis
- What is the most common type of skin cancer?
- basal cell carcinoma
- layer of translucent cells, absent in thin skin
- s. lucidum
- Which degree burn is when there is epidermal damage- sunburn?
- 1st
- stratum germinativum
- s. basale
- Which epidermal layer has cells that contain thick bundles of tension filaments made of prekaratin?
- Stratum spinosum
- strata with mostly dead cells
- corneum, lucidum
- Which pigment provides a natural sunscreen?
- melanin
- general site for melanin formation
- epidermis
- What type of skin cancer is the most dangerous but only accounts for 5%?
- malignant melanoma
- Less numerous variety of perspiration glands?
- apocrine
- Which type of cell has branched parts that touch all keratinocytes in the basal layer?
- Melanocytes
- mostly adipose tissue that anchors the skin to underlying tissues
-
hypodermis
- A blush cast of the skin results from inadaquate oxygenation of the blood
- cyanosis
- Functionally these are merocrine glands
- sweat glands (apocrine and eccrine)
- Which degree burn is when there is thickness of the skin damaged?
- 3rd degree
- epidermal layer where most melanocytes reside
- basale
- Which type of cell arises from bone marrow?
- Langerhans cells
- Glands that become more active at puberty under the influence of androgens
- sebaceous glands, apocrine glands
- What leads to renal shutdown and circulatory shock?
- burns
- accounts for the bulk of the epidermis
- corneum
- Which degree burn is when the epidermis is damaged- like blistering?
- 2nd degree
- which gland has a product that is an oily mixture of lipids, cholesterol and cell fragments?
- sebaceous
- Which pigment is mostly found in the stratum corneum?
- carotene
- What kind of barrier is the langerhans cells/macrophages?
- biological
- clotted mass of blood that may signify bleeder's disease
- hematoma
- Ducts are open to the external environment- pore?
- sweat glands
- Which cell type is found in the deepest layer of pigment?
- Melanocyte
- What kind of barrier is the intact epidermis?
- mechanical (phys)
- Which type of cell is for touch perception (stimulates the neuron since it isn't in the epidermis)?
- merkel cells
- What is the dermal layer that is made up of dense irregular tissue?
- reticular layer
- In melanocytes, nearby keratinocytes ingest what?
- pigments
- Where are eccrine sweat glands found?
- palms, soles of feet, forehead
- What causes catastrophic body fluid loss?
- burns
- What is the dermal layer that is thin, superficial connective tissue?
- papillary layer
- How does the integumentary system provide a source for excretion?
- small amount of metabolic waste is secreted in sweat
- What is the function of nails?
- tool-like stuff..
- In melanocytes, melanin is transported where?
- to the ends of branches and are shed
- What is the dermal layer that is just under the epidermis?
- Papillary layer
- Which pigment is phagocytized by keratinocytes?
- melanin
- What [hair] structure is associated with a bundle of smooth muscle?
- arrector pili
- Which cell type is spider-shaped?
- Melanocyte
- What is the dermal layer that is a nutrient source (many blood vessels)?
- papillary layer
- Which type of cell migrates and plants themselves somewhere in the epidermal layer?
- Langerhans cells
- What [hair] structure is embedded in the skin?
- root
- Where do melanin granules accumulate?
- On the "sunny side" of the keratinocytes
- Is the epidermis or dermis that houses nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, hair follicles, and oil/sweat glands?
- dermis
- What type of skin cancer starts in the stratum spinosum?
- squamous cell carncinoma
- Hair is made up of what kind of cells?
- keratinized
- Which type of cells are macrophages?
- Langerhans cells
- What is the dermal layer that has many collogen fibers for strength and resilience?
- reticular layer
- What type of skin cancer starts in the stratum basale?
- basal cell carcinoma
- What [hair] structure projects from the skin?
- shaft
- What type of skin cancer is found on the scalp, ears, top of hand, lower lip?
- squamous cell carcinoma
- What are the projections into overlying epidermis that has capillaries and nerve endings?
- Dermal papillae (produce finger print)
- Which type of cell is found at the epidermal-dermal junction?
- merkel cells
- What happens when blood is poorly oxygenated, causing a deeper color of red which shows thru the skin as blue?
- cyanosis
- What type of skin cancer is the cancer of melanocytes?
- malignant melanoma
- What is the dermal layer that maintains the hydration of the skin?
- reticular layer
- accumulation of bile pigments in the blood may indicate liver disease
- jaundice
- What is the purpose of nose hair?
- filters particles from the air
- Which epidermal layer is made up of a single row of cells undergoing rapid cell division?
- Stratum basale
- Is the epidermis or dermis made up of dense irregular tissue?
- dermis
- observation of this condition might lead to tests for anemia, low blood pressure
- pallor
- Which pigment is caused by RBCs circulating thru the dermal capillaries?
- hemoglobin
- Which epidermal layer is the bulk of the epidermis, made up of several cell layers?
- Stratum spinosum
- Which pigment is responsible for the yellow to orange tone of the skin?
- carotene
- What causes odor in the apocrine sweat glands?
- breakdown of molecules by bacteria
- Is the epidermis or dermis the same as "hide"?
- dermis
- Where are apocrince sweat glands found?
- armpits, genital areas
- Which pigment is responsible for the yellow to reddish brown to black color of the skin?
- melanin
- What [hair] structure extends from the epidermal surface into the dermis?
- follicle
- What is the dermal layer that is 80% of the dermis?
- reticular layer
- What is the function of eccrine sweat glands?
- thermoregulation
- Which pigment is responsible for the racial differences (the varying amount)?
- melanin
- In dark skinned people, this is seen in nail beds and mucous membranes.
- Cyanosis
- Which pigment tends to accumulate in the stratum corneum?
- carotene
- Which pigment is seen mostly in fair-skinned people?
- hemoglobin
- Which pigment is responsible for freckles?
- melanin
- What is the purpose of eyelashes?
- shield eyes
- What is the dermal layer that has elastic fibers that provides stretch and recoil?
- reticular layer
- What integumetory organ corresponds to animal hooves or claws?
- nails
- Which pigment is most obvious in the palms and soles of the feet?
- carotene
- What are the scale-like modifications of the epidermis?
- nails
- Which pigment is responsible for the pinkish color of the skin?
- hemoglobin
- sudoriferous glands are also called what?
- sweat glands
- Which epidermal layer is for protection and water-proofing?
- Stratum corneum
- Why do we have hair on our heads? (3)
- protection from trauma, heat loss and sunlight
- Burn: nerve endings destroyed?
- 3rd degree
- Which glands are coiled, tubular?
- eccrine sweat glands
- Which epidermal layer possess lamelled granuoles which contains lipids for water-proofing?
- sratum granulosoum
- Is sweat hypotonic or hypertonic?
- hypotonic
- Which epidermal layer has parallel tonofilaments and keratinohyaline granules?
- stratum lucidum
- Which epidermal layer is 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes?
- stratum granulosum
- What [hair] structure is associated with nerve endings?
- bulb
- Which epidermal layer is for water-proofing?
- Stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum
- Nails contain hardened - .
- keratin
- Burn- skin is blanched
- 3rd degree
- Which epidermal layer is the outermost layer, 20-30 cell layers thick?
- stratum corneum
- Which epidermal layer is present only in thick skin?
- stratum lucidum
- What kind of barrier is the acid mantle?
- chemical
- Which epidermal layer has a thickened cell membrane?
- stratum granulosum
- What kind of barrier is keratin?
- mechanical (phys)
- What kind of barrier is melanin?
- Chemical
- What kind of barrier is the bacterial secretions?
- chemical
- Which epidermal layer is made up of a few rows of flattened keratinocytes?
- stratum lucidum
- Which epidermal layer is dead and shingle-like?
- stratum corneum