Psychology 110 - Ch. 1, 2, 11, 13
Terms
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- Preferred method of knowledge acquisition
- The experimental method
- Goals of Psychology
-
Description
Explanation
Prediction
Influence - The experimental method
- The only research method that can be used to identify cause-effect relationships between variables
- Dependent variable
- measured
- Independent variable
- manipulated
- Correlational method
- when experimental can't be used
- correlation coefficent
- number that indicates strength and direction of the relationship between two variables, between 1 and -1
- Neuron structure
-
soma
dendrites
axon
myelin sheath (sometimes) - Neural messages are transmitted...
- ...travel from cell body to axon, which transmits to dendrites on another neuron. myelin helps speed it up.
- left frontal lobe
- motion on right side of body, broca's area (speech production)
- hypothalamus
- sexual behavior, hunger, thirst, some emotions
- cerebral cortex
- covering for brain, responsible for higher mental processes
- motor cortex
- controls movement. higher up on the cortex, lower it is on the body (foot on top, neck on bottom, etc.)
- cortex
- gray matter
- damage to broca's area
- broca's aphasia. can't produce speech (with much difficulty) but can sing because that's housed on the other side of the brain.
- Damage to one primary visual cortex
- partial sight in both eyes
- right/left hemisphere
- control the other half
- motivation
- all processes that initiate, direct and sustain behavior
- theories on motivation: drive-reduction
- based on homeostasis (internal balance); biological need causes organism to satisfy need to reduce the drive it creates
- theories on motivation: instinct theory
- human behavior motivated by instincts
- theories on motivation: arousal theory
- motivated to maintain optimal level of arousal
- theories on motivation: maslow
-
1) physiological
2) safety
3) belonging/love
4) esteem
5) self-actualization - yerkes-dodson law
- performance is best when arousal level is appropriate to difficulty: easier/high arousal, vice versa
- lateral hypothalamus (lh)
- incites eating
- ventromedial hypothalamus (vmh)
- inhibits eating
- hunger cues
- internal (blood sugar, etc.), external (bad-tasting food, etc.)
- metabolic rate
- rate at which body burns calories for energy
- set-point theory
- weight you normally carry when not trying to lose/gain weight
- anorexia nervosa/bulimia
- starvation/binge-purge; difficult to treat, but some success
- testing need for achievement
- need to accomplish something
- high need for achievement
- see success as a result of their own doings
- low need for achievement
- blame others/luck/fate
- theories of emotion: james-lange
- feels emotion based on physiological (fear based on trembling)
- theories of emotion: cannon-bard
- stimuli received - relayed to cerebral cortex and nervous system - state of arousal
- theories of emotion: schachter-singer
- physiological arousal + cognitive interpretation = emotion
- theories of emotion: lazarus
- cognitive appraisal comes first
- brain + fear =
- amygdala
- basic emotions
- unlearned & universal, facial expressions
- display rules
- big boys don't cry
- catharsis
- not beneficial
- holmes & rahe
- social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) (connection between stress and health problems)
- lazarus believed that stress...
- is worse when it's the daily hassles rather than large events
- conflict types
-
approach-approach
avoidance-approach
avoidance-avoidance - control
- we feel better when we think we have control
- ptsd symptoms
- flashbacks, nightmares, memories, anxiety, survivor guilt
- general adaptation syndrome
- alarm, resistance, exhaustion
- primary appraisal v. secondary appraisal
- is this dangerous to me? how do i deal?
- coronary heart disease risk factors
- smoking, weight, heredity, sedentary lifestyle
- type a v. type b
- uptight v. laid back
- type a "lethal"
- hostility/anger
- increasing the risk of cancer
- early sex, smoking, drinking,
- ethnic
- asian americans
- quitting smoking
- on your own
- alcohol's long-term effect
- shrinking brain
- aerobic exercise
- #1 alterable behavior to be healthy