anotomy & phys. 2
Terms
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- name the primary lymphatic organs?
- thymus and red bone marrow
- what is the ability to ward off disease?
- resistance
- what is the lack of resistance?
- susceptibility
- what is the general defensive mechanism on a wide range of pathogens (disease producing mocrobes)?
- nonspecific resistance
- what is the ability to fight a specific pathogen?
- specific resistance
- what resistance is cell-mediated immunity?
- specific
- what resistance is antibody-mediated immunity?
- specific
- red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes are all organs involved in the what?
- lymphatic system
- there is a fluid called what in the lymphatic system?
- lymph
- what are the functions of the lymphatic system?
- drainage, transport, facilitating imune response
- lymphatic vessels move in what direction?
- one
- lymphatic capillaries have ____ endothelial cells and ____ filament
- overlapping, anchoring
- lymphatic capillaries combine to form what?
- lymphatic vessels
- (lymphatic capillaries) ___ is in the GI tract and contains ___
- lacteals, chyle
- what resemble veins with thin walls & more valves
- lymphatic vessels
- vessels unite to form lymph ___ & ___
- trunks, ducts
- lymph has what kind of pumps?
- respiratory & muscular pumps (same as venous return)
- what is the source of the formation of lymph?
- fluid and proteins
- what organs provide environment for stem cells to divide & mature into B and T lymphocytes?
- primary lymphatic organs
- what is the site where pre-T cells from red marrow mature?
- thymus
- what is the site where most immune responses occur?
- secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
- lymph nodes, spleen & lymphatic nodules are what kind of lymphatic organs?
- secondary
- what is the flow direction of lymph?
- in one direction
- (lymph nodes) afferent vessels go in what direction?
- they lead in
- (lymph nodes) efferent vessels go in what direction?
- they exit
- only what filters lymph?
- nodes
- what is a stroma?
- support structure
- what is the function of the capsule, trabeculae, and the reticular fibers?
- support structures
- the parenchyma contain the ___ and the ___?
- cortex, medulla
- (spleen) parenchyma consists of ____ & ____
- white pulp, and red pulp
- the cortex of the parenchyma contain ___cells, ___-___cells, and ____
- dendrite, antigen presenting, macrophages
- what in the parenchyma contains (stores) B cells & plasma cells?
- medulla
- the cortex of the thymus contain tightly packed ____ & ____
- lymphocytes, marophages
- the cortex of the thymus contains dendrite cells which function in what?
- T-cell maturation
- what in the thymus stores mature T-cells, epithelial cells, dendrite cells, and macrophages?
- medulla
- (spleen) the stroma consists of the ____, and ____
- capsule, trabeculae
- the white pulp in parenchyma are ____ & ____
- lymphocytes and macrophages
-
removal of damaged/worn out RBCs,
storage of platelets,
production of blood cells in fetus,
are functions of the what? - spleen
- what are concentrations of lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capsule?
- lymphatic nodules
- what is in the ileum of the small intestines?
- peyer's patches
- what forms a ring at the top of the throat?
- tonsils
- adenoids, palatine, and lingual are three types of what?
- tonsils
- mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is located in the where?
- nose and throat
- nonspecific resistance to disease is ____ protection, and lacks ____ responses
- immediate, specific
- nonspecific resistanses to disease have ____ & ____ barriers
- mechanical and chemical
- the epidermis, mucous membrane, cilia & mucous, and the washing action of the lacrimal apparatus is ____ protection
- mechanical
- sebum(inhibits growth of bacteria & fungus), perspiration, lysozymes(breakdown bacterial cells), gastric juices, and vaginal secretions are ____ protection
- chemical
- iterferons, complement proteins, and transferens are ____ proteins
- antimicrobial
- in the cortex of the parenchyma in the lymph nodes, B cells proliferate into ____-secreting plasma cells
- antibody
- what is produced by virally infected lymphocytes & macrophages?
- interferons
- natural killer cells attack cells displaying abnormal what?
- MHC antigens
- NK cells release ____ that perferate the membrane of the cell and cause cytolysis
- perforins
- what is apoptosis?
- programmed cell death
- nuetrophils and macrophages are two major types of what?
- phagocytes
- what kind of macrophages stand gaurd in specific tissues?
- fixed
- what kind of macrophage is in most tissue?
- wandering
- alveolar macrophages are fixed macrophages located in the where?
- lungs
- chemotaxis > adherence > ingestion > digestion & killing > exocytosis, are steps of what?
- phagocytosis
- damaged cells initiate what?
- inflammation
- histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes contribute to ____ & increased ____ of vessels
- vasodilation, permeability
- vasodilation & increased permeability, phagocyte emigration, and tissue repair are the stages of what?
- inflammation
- what does cytokines mean?
- cell divsion
- what intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits bacterial growth, and speeds up tissue repair?
- fever
- what is the bodies ability to defend itself against specific foreign material or organisms?
- specific resistance or immunity
- what is the ability to recognize self & nonself?
- specificity
- when a second encounter occurs with an antigen it produces an even more vigorous response, this is called what?
- memory
- once ___ & ___ & MHC-1 connect they're activated and they produce more KT that don't need HTs to be activated
- KT & HT
- antibodies circulate in the ___ and ___
- lymph and blood
- the first exposure to antigen response is steady and slow, this is called the ____ ___ response
- primary immune
- ventilation in and out of the lungs is called what?
- pulmonary ventilation
- the function of the respiratory system is what?
- gas exchange
- the nasal ____ has increased surface area to prevent dehydration in the nasal cavity
- conchae
- the ____ sinuses lighten the skull & resonate the voice
- paranasal
-
(pharynx)
the nasopharynx is a passageway for ___ only - air
-
(pharynx)
the laryngopharynx is a common passageway for ___ & ___ and ends as the ______ - food and air, esophagus
- what stops food from going down the trachea?
- epiglottis
- the trachea splits into what?
- bronchi
- blood vessels, nerves & airways enter the lungs at the what?
- hilus
- the respiratory bronchioles are the _____ of the branches, and they supply air to the _____
- smallest, lobules
- the aveoli ____ surface area
- increase
- alveolar fluid reduces _____ ____
- surface tension
- the _____ ____ ia a combination of alveolar and capillary walls
- respiratory membrane
- deoxygenated blood arrives through the ____ ____ from the right ventricle
- pulmonary trunk
- air moves ___ the lung when pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmospheric pressure
- into
- as the size of a closed container decreases, pressure inside increases is the _____ law
- boyle's
- contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome and ____ volume
- increases
- the _____ cavity is potential space between ribs and lungs
- pleural
- inhalation is the _____ process
- active
- alveolar pressure falls in (inhalation/exhalation)
- inhalation
- in the passive process of exhalation elastic _____
- recoil
- alveolar pressure increases in (inhalation/exhalation)
- exhalation
- the ____ of the lungs is the ease with which lungs and chest wall expand elasticity
- compliance
- each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure is _____ law
- dalton's
- the quality of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid depends upon the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility is _____ law
- henry's
- the ___ of ______ of gases depends upon the partial pressure of gases, surface area, diffusion distance, and solubility & molecular weight of gases
- rate of diffusion
- oxygen binds with hemoglobin to form ________
- oxyhemoglobin
- what is the tendensy for oxygen and hemoglobin to combine?
- affinity
- if pO2 increases affinity _____
- increases
- CO2 (lowers/raises) acidity
- raises
- as acidity increases, O2s affinity for Hb _____
- decreases
- the ____ effect is the relationship of acidity and affinity
- bhor
- pCO2 and acidity make affinity go (up/down)
- down
- as temperature increases affinity _____
- decreases
- as temperature increases, more __ is released
- O2
- CO2 combines with the ____ part of the Hb
- globin
- what is carbaminohemoglobin?
- carbon and hemoglobin
- carbon is transported in the blood as ______ ion
- bicarbonate
- the ______ ____ controls breathing
- respiratory center
- cytotoxic T cells secrete what?
- perforin
- antibodies combine with ___ on antigens that trigger its production
- epitope
- the ____ ____ response is much stronger than the primary (the 2nd exposure)
- secondary immune
- the exchange of gases(Co2 & O) between the lungs and the blood is ____ respiration
- external
- the skin, nasal bones, & cartilage in the external nasal structures are lined with what?
- mucous membrane
- _______ ciliated columnar epithelium with ____ cells line the nasal cavity and everywhere in the respiratory system
- pseudostratified, goblet
- the ____ is a passageway for food and air, a resonating chamber for speech production, and houses the tonsils
- pharynx
-
(pharynx)
the oropharynx is a common passageway for ___ & ___ - food and air
- the larynx is made out of what?
- cartilage
- thyroid cartilage form the what?
- adam's apple
- the mucosa, submucosa, and hyaline cartilage are all layers of the what?
- trachea
- what cell has a required costimulation of HT cells and by cytokines?
- cytotoxic T cells
- the immune system gets weaker with ___
- age
- the exchange of gases between the capillaries and the interstitial fluid(tissues) is ____ respiration
- internal
- what is recognized as foreign and provokes the immune response?
- antigens
- what are on the immune cells (antibodies)?
- antigen receptors
- what is the ability to carry out immune responses if stimulated?
- immunocompetence
- what cell secretes antibodies?
- B cells
- what is the measure of simularity?
- histocompatibility
- what is agglutination?
- clumping of cells
- T cells mature in where?
- thymus
- does B or T cells have a cell-mediated response?
- T cells
- are B cells or T cells a antibody-mediated response?
- B cells
- the __ ____ ___ is effective against bacteria
- antibody-mediated response (B cells)
- the __ ____ ___ is effective against fungi, viruses, parasites, cancer, and tissue transplants
- cell-mediated response (T cells)
- antigens are what?
- chemical name tags
- immunogenicity and reactivity are required characteristics to be considered an _____
- antigen
- what is immunogenicity?
- the ability to provoke the immune response
- what is the small portion of antigen that triggers the immune response?
- epitope
- what is the smaller substance that cannot trigger an immune response unless attached to a body protein? (second component)
- hapton
- what molecules are built into the cell membrane of all cells except red blood cells
- MHC-1
- is MHC-1 voluntary or involuntary?
- voluntary
- what markers are seen only on the membrane of antigen presenting cells (macrophages, B cells, thymus cells)?
- MHC-2
- is MHC-2 voluntary or involuntary?
- involuntary
- if cell is infected it is displayed in what?
- MHC-1
- helper T cells only see antigens if part of _____ molecules on surface of antigen presenting cell
- MHC-2
- cytotoxic T cells only see antigens if part of ____ molecules on surface of body cells
- MHC-1
- foreign antigen in body fluid is _______ by APC (antigen presenting cell)
- phagocytized
- what are the foreign antigens that are present in fluids outside of body cells?
- exogenous antigens
- what are foreign proteins that are produced within a body cell?
- endogenous antigens
- cell-mediated immunity begins with activation of ___ by a specific antigen
- T cells
- what cells function is to costimulate all other lymphocytes?
- helper T cells
- what cells job is also to costimulate?
- cytokines
- what is the rupture of a living cell in which the contents leak out?
- cytolysis
- ___ __ are B cells that are now active
- plasma cells
- what cells in the presence of foreign antigens become activated in the lymph nodes, spleen, or peyer's patch?
- B cells
- neutralization, immobilization, agglutination, complement activation are ____ actions
- antibody
- pulmonary, external, internal, and cellular are types of what?
- respiration
- the use of O and the production of Co2 is ____ respiration
- cellular
- what do goblet cells do?
- secrete mucous
- the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx are all distinct regions of the what?
- pharynx
- where is the voicebox located?
- the larynx
- the trachea is covered in what kind if epithelia?
- pseudostratified columnar
- primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchi, and bronchioles are what?
- branch from the trachea, largest to smallest
- the _____ ducts are surrounded by alveolar sacs & alveoli
- alveolar
- ____ fluid keeps the alveoli wet
- alveolar
- the ____ in alveolar fluid relaxes surface tension so alveoli can expand
- surfactant
- what removes foreign substances before it causes infection in the lungs?
- alveolar macrophages
- _____ arteries branch off of the aorta to supply oxygenated blood to the lung tissue
- brachial
- air moves ___ of the lungs when pressure inside of the lungs is greater than the atmospheric pressure
- out
- ______ __ requires muscular activity & chest size changes
- beathing in
- _____ ____ covers the lungs
- visceral pleura
- the ____ pleura lines the ribcage and covers the upper surface of the diaphragm
- parietal
- intrapleural pressure falls in (inhalation/exhalation)
- inhalation
- exhalation is the ____ process
- passive
- surface tension in alveoli pulls inward in (inhalation/exhalation)
- exhalation
- pressure difference, surface tension, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance are factors affecting ___ ___
- air flow
- the ____ _____ is the resistance to airflow which depends upon airway size
- airway resistance
- _____ is more prevelent than O2 in air
- nitrogen
- oxygen _____ dissolve easily in water
- does not