micro chapter 8
Terms
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- HAPLOID CELL
- A EUKARYOTIC CELL OR ORGANISM WITH ONE OF EACH TYPE OF CHROMOSOME
- R-DETERMINANT
- A GROUP OF GENES FOR ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE CARRIED ON R FACTORS
- TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)
- THE TYPE OF RNA MOLECULE THAT BRINGS AMINO ACIDS TO THE RIBOSOMAL SITE WHERE THEY ARE INCORPORATED INTO PROTEINS
- MISSENSE MUTATION
- A MUTATION THAT RESULTS IN THE SUBSTITUTION OF AN AMINO ACID IN A PROTEIN
- TRANSDUCTION
- THE TRANSFER OF DNA FROM ONE CELL TO ANOTHER BY A BACTERIOPHAGE
- CODON
- A SEQUENCE OF THREE NUCLEOTIDES IN mRNA THAT SPECIFIES THE INSERTION OF AN AMINO ACID INTO A POLYPEPTIDE
- CROSSING OVER
- THE PROCESS BY WHICH A PORTION OF ONE CHROMOSOME IS EXCHANGED WITH A PORTION OF ANOTHER CHROMOSOME
- SPONTANEOUS MUTATION
- A MUTATION THAT OCCURS WITHOUT A MUTAGEN
- INTRON
- A REGION IN A EUKARYOTIC GENE THAT DOES NOT CODE FOR A PROTEIN OR mRNA
- CONJUGATIVE PLASMID
- A PROKARYOTIC PLASMID THAT CARRIES GENES FOR SEX PILI AND FOR TRANSFER OF THE PLASMID TO ANOTHER CELL
- DNA
- THE NUCLEOTIDE OF GENETIC MATERIAL IN ALL CELLS AND SOME VIRUSES
- REPLICA PLATING
- A METHOD OF INOCULATING A NUMBER OF SOLID MINIMAL CULTURE MEDIA FROM AN ORIGINAL PLATE TO PRODUCE THE SAME PATTERN OF COLONIES ON EACH PLATE
- CATABOLIC REPRESSION
- INHIBITION OF THE METABOLISM OF ALTERNATE CARBON SOURCES BY GLUCOSE
- FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
- A MUTATION CAUSED BY THE ADDITION OR DELETION OF ONE OR MORE BASES IN DNA
- INDUCTION
- THE PROCESS THAT TURNS ON THE TRANSCRIPTION OF A GENE
- DONOR CELL
- A CELL THAT GIVES DNA TO A RECIPIENT CELL DURING GENETIC RECOMBINATION
- COREPRESSOR
- A MOLECULE THAT BINDS TO A REPRESSOR PROTEIN, ENABLING THE REPRESSOR TO BIND TO AN OPERATOR
- GENOMICS
- THE STUDY OF GENES AND THEIR FUNCTION
- BACTERIOPHAGE (PHAGE)
- A VIRUS THAT INFECTS BACTERIAL CELLS
- GENETIC CODE
- THE mRNA CODONS AND THE AMINO ACIDS THEY ENCODE
- BASE SUBSTITUTION
- THE REPLACEMENT OF A SINGLE BASE IN DNA BY ANOTHER BASE, CAUSING A MUTATION; ALSO CALLED POINT MUTATION
- HFR CELL
- A BACTERIAL CELL IN WHICH THE F FACTOR HAS BECOME INTEGRATED INTO THE CHROMOSOME; HFR STANDS FOR HIGH FREQUENCY OF RECOMBINATION
- REPRESSION
- THE PROCESS BY WHICH A REPRESSOR PROTEIN CAN STOP THE SYNTHESIS OF A PROTEIN
- POSITIVE (DIRECT) SELECTION
- A PROCEDURE FOR PICKING OUT MUTANT CELLS BY GROWING THEM
- LAGGING STRAND
- DURING DNA REPLICATION, THE DAUGHTER STRAND THAT IS SYNTHESIZED DISCONTINUOUSLY
- MUTAGEN
- AN AGENT IN THE ENVIRONMENT THAT BRINGS ABOUT MUTATIONS
- F FACTOR (FERTILITY FACTOR)
- A PLASMID FOUND IN THE DONOR CELL IN BACTERIAL CONJUGATION
- PROMOTER
- THE STARTING SITE ON A DNA STRAND FOR TRANSCRIPTION OF RNA BY RNA POLYMERASE
- TERMINATOR
- THE SITE ON A DNA STRAND AT WHICH TRANSCRIPTION ENDS
- BASE PAIRS
- THE ARRANGEMENT OF NITROGENOUS BASES IN NUCLEIC ACIDS BASED ON HYDROGEN BONDING; IN DNA, BASE PAIRS ARE A-T AND G-C; IN RNA, BASE PAIRS ARE A-U AND G-C
- RESISTANCE (R) FACTOR
- A BACTERIAL PLASMID CARRYING GENES THAT DETERMINE RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS
- EXON
- A REGION OF A EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOME THAT ENCODES A PROTEIN
- GENE
- A SEGMENT OF DNA (A SEQUENCE OF NUCLEOTIDES IN DNA) ENCODING A FUNCTIONAL PRODUCT
- HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER
- TRANSFER OF GENES BETWEEN TWO ORGANISMS IN THE SAME GENERATION
- DNA LIGASE
- AN ENZYME THAT COVALENTLY BONDS A CARBON ATOM OF ONE NUCLEOTIDE WITH THE PHOSPHATE OF ANOTHER NUCLEOTIDE
- DEGENERACY
- REDUNDANCY OF THE GENETIC CODE; THAT IS, MOST AMINO ACIDS ARE ENCODED BY SEVERAL CONDONS
- TRANSLATION
- THE USE OF mRNA AS A TEMPLATE IN THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN
- GENERALIZED TRANSDUCTION
- THE TRANSFER OF BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME FRAGMENTS FROM ONE CELL TO ANOTHER BY A BACTERIOPHAGE
- NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR (NER)
- THE REPAIR OF DNA INVOLVING REMOVAL OF DEFECTIVE NUCLEOTIDES AND REPLACEMENT WITH FUNCTIONAL ONES
- MUTATION RATE
- THE PROBABILITY THAT A GENE WILL MUTATE EACH TIME A CELL DIVIDES
- NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG
- A CHEMICAL THAT IS STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR TO THE NORMAL NUCLEOSIDES IN NUCLEIC ACIDS BUT WITH ALTERED BASE-PAIRING PROPERTIES
- INSERTION SEQUENCE (IS)
- THE SIMPLEST KIND OF TRANSPOSON
- CYCLIC AMP (cAMP)
- A MOLECULE DERIVED FROM ATP, IN WHICH THE PHOSPHATE GROUP HAS A CYCLIC STRUCTURE; ACTS AS A CELLULAR MESSENGER
- NONSENSE MUTATION
- A BASE SUBSTITUTION IN DNA THAT RESULTS IN A NONSENSE CODON
- REPRESSOR
- A PROTEIN THAT BINDS TO THE OPERATOR SITE TO PREVENT TRANSCRIPTION
- ENZYME INDUCTION
- THE PROCESS BY WHICH A SUBSTANCE CAN CAUSE THE SYNTHESIS OF AN ENZYME
- SPECIALIZED TRANSDUCTION
- THE PROCESS OF TRANSFERRING A PIECE OF CELL DNA ADJACENT TO A PROPHAGE TO ANOTHER CELL
- RNA PRIMER
- A SHORT STRAND OF RNA USED TO START SYNTHESIS OF THE LAGGING STRAND OF DNA, AND TO START THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
- MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)
- THE TYPE OF RNA MOLECULE THAT DIRECTS THE INCORPORATION OF AMINO ACIDS INTO PROTEINS
- NONSENSE CODON
- A CODON THAT DOES NOT ENCODE ANY AMINO ACID
- VERTICAL GENE TRANSFER
- TRANSFER OF GENES FROM AN ORGANISM OR CELL TO ITS OFFSPRING
- GENOTYPE
- THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF AN ORGANISM
- RECIPIENT CELL
- A CELL THAT RECEIVES DNA FROM A DONOR CELL DURING GENETIC RECOMBINATION
- OPERATOR
- THE REGION OF DNA ADJACENT TO STRUCTURAL GENES THAT CONTROLS THEIR TRANSCRIPTION
- PHENOTYPE
- THE EXTERNAL MANIFESTATIONS OF AN ORGANISM'S GENOTYPE, OR GENETIC MAKEUP
- AUXOTROPH
- A MUTANT MICROORGANISM WITH A NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT THAT IS ABSENT IN THE PARENT
- CONSTITUTIVE ENZYME
- AN ENZYME THAT IS PRODUCED CONTINUOUSLY
- MUTATION
- ANY CHANGE IN THE NITROGENOUS BASE SEQUENCE OF DNA
- SENSE CODON
- A CODON THAT CODES FOR AN AMINO ACID
- STRUCTURAL GENE
- A GENE THAT DETERMINES THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF A PROTEIN
- GENETICS
- THE SCIENCE OF HEREDITY
- DISSIMILATION PLASMID
- A PLASMID CONTAINING GENES ENCODING PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES THAT TRIGGER THE CATABOLISM OF CERTAIN UNUSUAL SUGARS AND HYDROCARBONS
- COMPETENCE
- THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE IN WHICH A RECIPIENT CELL CAN TAKE AND INCORPORATE A LARGE PIECE OF DONOR DNA
- BACTERIOCIN
- AN ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE PRODUCED BY BACTERIA THAT KILLS OTHER BACTERIA
- INDUCER
- A SUBSTANCE THAT INITIATES TRANSCRIPTION OF A GENE
- SEMICONSERVATIVE REPLICATION
- THE PROCESS OF DNA REPLICATION IN WHICH EACH DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA MOLECULE CONTAINS ONE ORIGINAL STRAND AND ONE NEW STRAND
- GENE LIBRARY
- A COLLECTION OF CLONED DNA FRAGMENTS CREATED BY INSERTING RESTRICTION ENZYME FRAGMENTS IN A BACTERIUM, YEAST, OR PHAGE
- DISSIMILATION
- A METABOLIC PROCESS IN WHICH NUTRIENTS ARE NOT ASSIMILATED BUT ARE EXCRETED AS AMMONIA, HYDROGEN SULFIDE, AND SO ON
- REPLICATION FORK
- THE POINT WHERE DNA STRANDS SEPARATE AND NEW STRANDS WILL BE SYNTHESIZED
- RESISTANCE TRANSFER FACTOR
- A GROUP OF GENES FOR REPLICATION AND CONJUGATION ON THE R FACTOR
- TRANSPOSON
- A SMALL PIECE OF DNA THAT CAN MOVE FROM ONE DNA MOLECULE TO ANOTHER
- NEGATIVE (INDIRECT) SELECTION
- THE PROCESS OF IDENTIFYING MUTATIONS BY SELECTING CELLS THAT DO NOT GROW USING REPLICA PLATING
- CARCINOGEN
- ANY CANCER-CAUSING SUBSTANCE
- TRIPLEX AGENT
- A SHORT SEGMENT OF DNA THAT BINDS TO A TARGET AREA ON A DOUBLE STRAND OF DNA BLOCKING TRANSCRIPTION
- GENOME
- ONE COMPLETE COPY OF THE GENETIC INFORMATION IN A CELL
- CONJUGATION
- THE TRANSFER OF GENETIC MATERIAL FROM ONE CELL TO ANOTHER INVOLVING CELL-TO-CELL CONTACT
- ANTICODON
- THE THREE NUCLEOTIDES BY WHICH A tRNA RECOGNIZES AN mRNA CODON
- TRANSFORMATION
- (1) THE PROCESS IN WHICH GENES ARE TRANSFERRED FROM ONE BACTERIUM TO ANOTHER AS "NAKED" DNA IN SOLUTION (2) THE CHANGING OF A NORMAL CELL INTO A CANCEROUS CELL
- LEADING STRAND
- DURING DNA REPLICATION, THE DAUGHTER STRAND THAT IS SYNTHESIZED CONTINUOUSLY
- LIGHT-REPAIR ENZYME
- AN ENZYME THAT SPLITS THYMINE DIMERS IN THE PRESENCE OF VISIBLE LIGHT
- OPERON
- THE OPERATOR AND PROMOTER SITES AND STRUCTURAL GENES THEY CONTROL
- TRANSCRIPTION
- THE PROCESS OF SYNTHESIZING RNA FROM A DNA TEMPLATE
- CHROMOSOME
- THE STRUCTURE THAT CARRIES HEREDITARY INFORMATION, CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN GENES
- GENETIC RECOMBINATION
- THE PROCESS OF JOINING PIECES OF DNA FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES
- MITOSIS
- A EUKARYOTIC CELL REPLICATION PROCESS IN WHICH THE CHROMOSOMES ARE DUPLICATED; FOLLOWED BY DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLASM OF THE CELL
- AMES TEST
- A PROCEDURE USING BACTERIA TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL CARCINOGENS