pathologyIII
Terms
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- What is a hamartoma?
- abnormally organized small mass of well-differentiated tissue occuring in the normal location
- What is a choristoma?
- small amount of normal tissue in a abnormal location
- What is agenesis?
- complete absence of an organ because its primordium is absent
- What is aplasia?
- absence of an organ because the primordium failed to develop
- Pancreatic cells found in the intestinal wall is an example of what?
- choristoma
- What is goiter an example of?
- pathological hyperplasia
- What is metaplasia?
- one adult cell is replaced by another adult cell type
- sometimes bone forms in chronically inflammed muscle. What is this condition called and what is this a form of?
- myositis ossificans, metaplasia
- What is the most common type of metaplasia?
- squamous metaplasia
- What a three characteristics of neoplasia?
-
Neoplastic transformation is not reversible
neoplastic growth is autonomous
neoplastic tissue exceeds the normal tissue -
T/F
any cell had the potential to become neoplastic. - false, terminally differentiated cells cannot become neoplastic
- What must happen in order for a DNA mutation to become permanent?
- The cell must undergo at least one division
- What factors are necessary for metastasis?
-
loss of intracellular adhesion mol
loss of apoptotic control mechanisms
development of MMPs
Expression of integrins - What is the difference between proto-oncogenes and oncogenes?
- Both promote mitosis, proto-oncogenes obey cell signals, oncogenes ignore all checks and balances and promote unbridled mitosis
- What do Tumor Suppressor genes do?
- encode regulatory proteins that inhibit mitosis
- What are the 2 most important TSGs?
-
Retinoblastoma protein
p53 - What does p53 do?
- It causes cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage. It causes production of p21 which inhibits cyclin/cdk complexes
- What are the five steps in BER?
-
recognition of DNA lesion
incision of damaged strand at both ends of lesions
removal of excised DNA
synthesis of a nucleotide patch
ligation of the patch with the incised ends - What enzyme is responsible for cell immortalization?
- telomerase
- What is the general way that viruses cause cancer?
- insertional mutagenesis
- What is the general way that chemicals cause cancer?
- they damage DNA
- In general, how does radiation cause cancer?
- It causes DNA breaks, cross-links, and formation of pyrimidine dimers
- What drug is sometimes used to treat cachexia?
- ibuprofen. It inhibits cyclo-oxygenase and somehow results in a reduction of resting energy
- What is endostatin and what is it used for?
- It is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor and used to treat metastatic tumors