An Introduction to Metabolism
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- What is a metabolic pathway?
- where chemical reactions occur in a cell
- What happens along a metabolic pathway?
- a specific molecule is altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product
- What is a catabolic pathways?
- a metabolic pathway where complex molecules are broken down to simpler compounds
- What is a major pathway of catabolism?
- cellular respiration
- What happens in cellular respiration?
- sugar glucose, other organic fuels, and oxygen are broken down to carbon dioxide and water
- What are anabolic pathways?
- pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones, aka biosynthetic pathways.
- What is an example of an anabolism?
- The synthesisof a protein fromm amino acids
- How are anabolic and catabolic pathways connected?
- Energy released from catabolism can be used in anabolic pathways
- What is bioenergetics?
- the study of how organisms manage their energy resourcces
- What is energy?
- the capacity to cause change
- What is work?
- to move matter against opposing forces
- What are examples of work?
- gravity and friction
- What is chemical energy?
- the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
- What form can energy be lost in?
- Heat
- What is thermodynamics?
- study of energy transfer
- What is the first law of thermodynamics?
- energy can neither be created or destroyed
- What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
- energy transformation increases entropy in the universe
- What is entropy?
- a measure of disorder
- What does a process need to occur without an input of energy?
- it needs to increase the entropy of the universe
- What is a spontaneous process?
- occurs without the input of energy
- What does the letter G stand for in biology?
- Gibbs free enrgy system
- What is free energy?
- the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure and uniform throughout the system
- How cant the change in free enrgy be calculated?
- the change in enthalpy (total energy) minus the change in absolute temperature (Kelvin) multiplied by the change in enthropy
- Will the change in temperature be negative or positive if the process is spontaneous?
- negative
- What must a process give up to be spontaneous?
- enthalpy, order or both
- How do you find the change in temperature?
- minus the original amount of free energy from the final state of energy
- Which has higher energy, a stable or unstable system?
- a unstable system
- What has lower energy, a unstable or stable system?
- a stable system.
- What is a name of maximum stability?
- equilibrium
- What happens as a reaction reaches equilibrium?
- the free energy of the reactants and products decreases
- What is the change in free energy for exergonic reactions?
- negative
- What does the magnitude of the change in free energy represent?
- the maximum amount of work the reaction can perform
- What is an exergonic reaction?
- a reaction that releases free energy, negative change in free energy
- What is an endergonic reaction?
- a reaction that needs free energy to occur, nonspontaneous
- What would occur if a cell is at metabollic equilibrium
- it would die
- What are the 3 main kinds of work a cell can do?
- Mechanical, transport, and chemical
- What are examples of mechanical work of a cell?
- the beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, or the movement of chromosomes
- What are examples of transport work of a cell?
- pumping of substances across membranes against spontaneous movement
- What are examles of chemical work?
- pushing of energonic reactions
- What is energy coupling?
- the use of exergonic reactions to process an endergonic reaction
- What energy is responsibile for mediating most energy coupling in cells?
- ATP
- What is ATP?
- Adenosine triphosphate, contains the sugar ribose, nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of 3 phosphate groups
- What can break the bond between the phosphate groups of ATP?
- hydrolysis