Mac Daddy

Start Studying!

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

Battle of the Somme: Also known as the Somme Offensive. Fought from July to November 1916; more than 1.5 million casualties.
Second French Republic: The government under LP Napoleon, established in 1848 until 1851.
Credit Mobilier: Modern investment institution developed under Napoleon's rule; example of Nap's economic developments to improve France.
Thomas Hobbes: Absolutism, wrote "Leviathan", believed "People were born with sin" argued that life is "poor, solitary, nasty and short." Natural state is one of clawing and dragging
Decemberist Revolt (1825): Following death of Alexander in 1825 => group of soldiers wanted Constantine on the throne => put down => Nicholas I took power IMPORTANCE: Russia is in need of reform.
Chartism: The movement of supporters of the People's Charter (drawn up in Britian in 1838), which sought to transform Britain into a democracy and demanded universal suffrage for men, vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, annual elections, and the elimination of property qualifications for and the payment of stipends to members of Parliament.
Mandates: Zones in the Middle East to usher peace to new nations 2) Syria and Lebanon to France 3) Palestine, Iraq and Transjordan to Great Britain 4) enlightened alternative to colonialism/imperialism; shift in thinking
Brest Litovsk Treaty: Peace treaty between Russia and Central Powers. Marked Russia's exit from war. Its harsh terms intensified the Allies' determination for victory.
Naval Bill (1898): Germany 2) proposal to create a fleet that would compete with Britain's 3)
Marie Louise: married Napoleon, Austrian's Emperor's daughter and the niece of Marie Antoinette
Brunswick Manifesto (July 25): issued prior to the French Revolution by the Austrians --- a command not the harm the royal family or else war would occur.
Danish War: Austria and Prussia wage war on Denmark for S & H. Austria gets H; Prussia gets S. Tensions arise between Austria and Prussia over these countries --- Bismark allows the tensions to fester politically
July Ordinances: edicts that Charles X issued; demolished the Charter, censored the press, reduced the electorate
Baruch Spinoza: Believed that God had no existence apart from the world, that everything was itself an aspect of God.
Third Section: Secret police of Russia put in place by Nicholas I; abolished by Alexander II in order to encourage more happiness among the people -- symbol of Westernizing in Russia
John Locke: Constitutionalism, natural rights, "People were born good", wrote "Two Treaties on Government".
Grimm Brothers: collected and published local German fairy tales, work is example of Romantic German nationalism
Id, Ego, Superego: Freud's three dichotomies. The id seeks human/instinctual pleasure which the ego controls at the direction of the superego—this leads to repression of base desires
Ems dispatch: Cause of war between Germany and France; Bismark took a telegram and edited it too much and then had it published; looked to the Prussians as though their king was being insulted by France. France felt as though they were being snubbed and declared war on Germany
Auguste Comte: French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism. Saw human history as 3 stages: theological, metaphysical and scientific. Founded "sociology." Influenced Realpolitik
Maria Theresa: Ruler of Austria; enlightened despot; mother of Marie Antoinette, Leopold and Joseph II
Charles Darwin: Origin of Species 2) Evolution 3) Originally, society wasn't willing to accept mankind as evolved
Anti-Semitism: Hatred of Jews and Jewish culture
James Clerk Maxwell: scientist 2) behavior of electricity, magnetism and light in terms of a single, universal system
Frankfurt Assembly: The first freely elected parliament in Germany. Its existence can be attributed to the 'March Revolution' Its purpose was to design a constitution for a unified German nation. Offered crown of Germany to Frederick William of Prussia; who refused. Ultimately disintegrates because it can't muster the power to lead itself.
Communist Manifesto: Marx & Engels --- a statement and explanation of communism. "Workers of the world unite" "the history of the world is the history of class" "workers have nothing to lose but their chains"
Triple Entete: In 1902 Britain, Russia, and France formed an Alliance. This was to counter the Triple Alliance.
Woodrow Wilson: US president (1912 - 1920) 2) Architect of Versailles Treaty 3) 14 Points & National-Self Determination and League of Nations
Humanitarianism: the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare
Gustave Flaubert: French author; Madame Bovary---first major realist novel.
Ireland Act: 1920 2) Two Irish parliaments - one catholic in the south and east; one protestant in the north 3) lead to Southern parliament in Dublin proclaiming independence; northern parliament stayed with GB
Edmund Burke: wrote "Reflections on Revolutions of France"- predicted anarchy/ dictatorship in France. Urged England to adapt slowly to Anti- Revolution
Realism: Art movement in the late 1800s; Courbet, Millet & Daumier were the main players. Art needed to depict life the way that it really is.
sans-culottes: popular revolutions who came from the working class and other middle and upper classes. they pressed the revolution forward, demanded equality for everyone and called for effort against foreign powers. Put Louis XVI on trial for treason which divided the Jacobins into the Girondins and the Mountain Wing
William Harvey: Physiologist, published "On the movement of the Heart and Blood"
Radicalism: Radicalism is a political philosophy that emphasizes the need to find and eliminate the basic injustices of society. Radicals seek what they consider the roots of the economic, political, and social wrongs of society and demand immediate and sweeping changes to wipe them out. The doctrines or practices of being radical.
Louis XVIII: King after Napoleon was overthrown
Partitions of Poland: Poland divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia; changed the balance of Europe as a whole; Russia, Austria, and Prussia progressed passed France
muzhik: Russian word for low class citizen --- generally applied to serfs.
Slave morality: Nietzsche's idea 2) these people are generally religious ('Christian'), democratic, follow the values of others, are "sheep" and think in terms of good and evil
Louis Pasteur: French scientist 2) developed Pasteurization 3) rabies vaccine
Frederich Engels: Writing partner to Marx; lived in England; Chartist; wrote "The Condition of Working Classes in England."
Francis II: Leopold II's son; under him the aristocratic and clerical reaction gathered strength
Battle of Tannenberg: A battle between the Russian Empire and and the German Empire in the first day of the WWI.
Battle of Jutland: The largest naval battle of WWI; fought between Germans and British; indecisive outcome; established that WWI would not be fought at sea
International Congress of the Rights of Women: 1878 2) women from 12 countries got together => women's rights becoming a regular public agenda
Pius IX: Pope who became a staunch conservative, refusing to acknowledge Italian unification and condemning all forms of modernity
Romanticism: Literary movement; against science; interested in nature; loved the unclassifiable
Washington Conference (1921 - 1922): US, GB, Japan, France Italy 2) Fix the number of ships allowed 3) Not to expand naval bases
Catherine the Great: Empress of Russia; friend (lover) of Voltaire; partition of Poland; more sophisticated enlightened despot; fought with Turkey; suppressed Pugachev's Rebellion
Nicholas II: Tzar of Russia (1894) 2) ruled during Russian Revolution of 1905 3) ultimately agreed to subjugate the position of tzar to a parliament
Materialist Conception of History: Marx's theory of history; differed from Hegel, who believed reality springs from ideas. Marx believed reality to arise from economic circumstances, where one class brings into existence the class it needs to support itself.
Battle of Sedan: Final Battle of Franco-Prussian war; Napoleon III taken prisoner.
Republicanism: philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.
First Battle of the Marne: A battle fought from 5 September to 12 September 1914, along the Marne River, near Paris. German army was defeated by the Franco-British army.
Armistice: A state of peace agreement signed by the German Republic. After William II's abdication, Friedrich Ebert become the leader of the Social Democrats; the German Republic was proclaimed and an armistice commission sent to meet with Foch.
nihilists: group of Russian intellects who believed in nothing, save science.
Crimean War: War between Ottomon Empire, France, GB, Piedmon-Sardinia. Proved Russia incapable of being a dominant power in Europe; paved the road for social reform & national unification in Europe
Capital: wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value
Balkan Wars (1912): Austria believed that Serbia was becoming a dangerous antagonist, along with Turkey. Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina. Outraged Russian Slavophiles, who demanded an international conference, Britain and France agreed with the Russians. Germany supported Austria-Hungary, although they disagreed. Italy was in between the Franco-Russian and Austrian-Germany alliances.
Ruhr Crisis: France took over coal-producing region of Germany 2) furthered Germany's economic decline
Thomas Malthus: an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence
Alexander II: Tzar of Russia; instituted reform to stimulate Russia following Crimean War; emancipated (finally!) the serfs.
Slav: any member of the people of eastern Europe or Asian Russia who speak a Slavonic language
Piedmont: Territory in northern Italy; home of the house of Savoy
Prince Peter Kropotkin: Russian aristocrat and anarchist 2) advocated anarcho-communism => unable to unify the movement
Baron Montesquieu: Separation of powers
Adam Smith: Writer of "Wealth of Nations", advocated laissez-faire.
Dionysian: Nietzsche's idea 2) the tradition of passion and art that has been subjugated by reason 3) Nietzsche declared that we need an increase in the amount of
Slavophiles: Members of Russian leadership who said that Russia is unique from the West, and needs to remain so
Gustave Corbet: Origin of the World; Realist painter; termed the phrase realism"
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): Friendship pact b/w France and America 2) War was renounced as necessary to foreign policy
Renee Descartes: Enlightenment philosopher 2) Deductive Reasoning (moving from the big idea to the details), Cartesian dualism, wrote "Discourse of method", "Cogito ergo sum" (I think therefore I am)
Convention of the Year III: produced by the convention in order to make another attempt at constituional government
Liberalism: A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
Alexander I: Tzar of Russia, wished to restore the unity of Poland
Directory: the first formerly constituted French Republic, lasted only 4 years, consisted of the Council of 500 and Council of Ancients
Burschenschaft: Groups of German students who had natiolist ideals; targetted by Metternich as a threat to his status quo
Frederick the Great: King of Prussia; came closest to abolishing serfdom, began Prussia's strong education system; religious freedom; friend of Voltaire
Realpolitik: The idea that governments should obtain what they need in a realistic, non-Utopian manner. Bismark was the ideal practioner of this.
June Days: Three day fight in the streets of France. National workshops were afraid of their future under the forming government--they attacked the government. Lead to suppression of National Workshops and virtual dictatorship of Cavaignac, who lead the army in the fight.
Lloyd George: British prime minister since June 1916, galvanized the British was effort. Reelected in 1919
John Maynard Keynes: Economist 2) argued that German reparations would damage Europe's economy
siege of Paris: Insurrection in Paris lead to Third Republic being formed; Prussian and German forces laid seige and tried to stop it.
Duma: Russian parliament
Socialism: an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.
Alexander III: Succeeded Alexander II after his assassination;
Thermodynamics: law #1: energy can be transformed, but not destroyed 2) any closed physical system tends toward equilibrium 3) lead to more efficient sources of power
Sir Issac Newton: Law of gravity, invented Calculus. 2) If scientists could find the natural law of the universe, then philosophers could find the natural law of the society.
Alfred Dreyfus: French military officer 2 ) focus of the Dreyfus affair which involved the wrongful conviction for treason because he was Jewish 3) ultimately found innocent 4) unified France behind republican unity on the left => undermined power of the Church and monarchists
National Assembly: Declared by the 3rd Estate, Louis XVI was pressured by nobles and closed the hall in which the NA met, drafted a constitution in a Tennis court (the Tennis court Oath)
First International: meeting of English labor leaders 2) Marx attended the meeting and dominated it 3) tried to push a Marxist agenda => expelling those who didn't agree
Dmitry Mendeleev: periodic table of elements => ability to predict unknown elements
Olympe de Gouges: Female theater writer who published "Rights of Women" arguing that French women should have the same rights as men
Radetsky: Restores Lombardy and Venetia to the Austrian empire following revolts in 1848
Putsch of 1923: Coup on Weimar Republic lead by Hitler and Luddendorf 2) lead to light sentence of Hitler; he would write Mein Kamf in prison
Congress of Paris: Peace talks that ended Crimean War; nothing truly substantial of it.
Victor Emmanuel II: Constitutional king of Piedmont-Sardinia
Thermidorian reaction: caused by the fall of Robespierre, price control and regulations were removed. People suffered, risings broke out.
Zollverein: A tariff-free zone in Germany, in order to boost German economy. Key step toward German nationalism and unification
Paul von Hindenberg: Conservative who became president following Ebert 2) Conservative 3) his election spelled defeat to center and social democratic parties
Dictatorship of the proletariat: Marx's theory of a proletariat controlled world following the taking from the wealthy; eventually it will wither away into a classless society.
Mein Kamf: Literally "my struggle." 2) Written by Hitler
Positivism: The philosophical belief that the world should be dealt with in a realistic manner. Comte. Lead to the idea of realpolitik
Ten Hours Act: 1847, stated that children between thirteen and eighteen could only work ten hours
Alexander III: Tzar of Russia (1881) 2) harsh ruler who used the secret police and local governors to keep the peace
People's Will: Russian terrorist organization built on Marxian principles -- threatened to assassinate Alexander II, so he relaxed some stuff in Russia, but they killed him anyway. Symbol of an organization taking down a leader --- not merely a frantic individual. Scary stuff.
Magyar: the official language of Hungary (also spoken in Rumania)
Weimar Republic: Established following World War I in Germany 2) Mostly a social democracy with limited support and loyalty from politicians within it 3) freedom of speech, press, 8-hour workday and universal suffrage
Locarno Pact (1925): Agreement to arbitrate disagreements 2) Mutual defense alliance b/w France, Poland and Czech.
Vatican Council (1869-1870): First council of Church in 300 years 2) helped to solidify Catholic church and affirm Catholicism => uncertainty in Europe that Catholics could be reliable citizens in a secular state
natural right: Everybody has these rights which no one can take away.
Diderot: Editor of "Encyclopedie" -- a monument of Enlightenment thinking
Francis Joseph: Assumed Austrian throne after abdication of his uncle Ferdinand. Symbol of order and change and a fresh start.
Falloux Law: Law under little Napoleon: put education in the hands of the church.
Prussian Constitution (1850): Granted by Frederick William IV; granted single parliament for Prussia; granted universal male suffrage," but it wasn't proportional (wealthy people had more of a ""weight"" to their vote). Progressive for its time"
Charles X: Set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of ultraroyalists. Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in the legislative assembly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances, which was designed to dissolve the assembly, end press freedom, and restrict voting rights
Pugachev's Rebellion: Rebellion in Russia; suppressed by Catherine the Great
Otto Von Bismark: Prime minister of Germany as of 1862. From eastern Prussia; didn't necessarily feel as though Germany was his "fatherland." He wasn't a nationalist, per se. Realpolitik was his religion.
Adolphe Thiers: French politician 2) placed in charge of the Third Republic (not elected) 3) reestablished control of Paris
Beccaria: The Italian philosopher who was against capital punishment and torture.
Frederich Nietzsche: German thinker 2) master vs. slave morality 3) theory of the "overman" 4) Apollonian and Dionysian dichotomy
Freikorps: Germany military (mostly volunteer troops) used by the government of the Weimar republic 2) put down Spartacist revolt in 1919
Friedrich Ebert: Gains control of German government after the war. Leader of Social Democrats
Louis XV: French king; father of Louis XVI; son of Louis XIV; not a successful enlightened ruler
natural law: Laws that distinguish right from wrong by reasons; govern every single individual
October Manifesto: Order by the tsar for a constitution
Paris Commune: Government that ruled Paris briefly in 1871 2) under the control of socialists and communists following siege by Germany 3) existence triggered French Civil War, which was the recapturing of Paris
Spartacists: Left wing Marxists who attempted control in Weimar Republic
Congress of Vienna: Representatives from all European states gathered; called by Metternich; attempted to establish the balance of power and prevent France from coming back to power
Garibaldi's Thousand: Piedmont leader who took 1000 "red shirts" into southern Italy to complete unification. Went through Sicily and eventually gave authority over to Emmanuel at the steps of Rome, rather than take it himself
mir: Russian small village ---- primary governing unit following Emancipation in 1861
National Workshops: Product of the new government in France. Imagined as nearly socialist cooperatives. In reality they were really temporary relief programs. Disliked by the moderates. Disbanded in June (bad move). Incited 3 day revolution (June Days) where workers fought against troops (and lost).
Rosa Luzemborg: Spartacist leader 2) her murder was a blow to the movement in 1919; Communism would not come to Germany
Karl Marx: Communist Manifesto, Marx is a socialist, says after modern industry, society split between middle class (bourgeoisie) and modern working class(proletariat), that next working class would take over, should make a socialist society of revolutionary workers. Followed theory of Hegel
Rousseau: Noble savage, "Social Contract"
Mary Wollstonecraft: An English writer who wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women", arguing that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be so because of lack of education
Mikhail Bakunin: Russian anarchist and nationalist; rejected Marxism 2) expelled from First International
Joseph II: Freedom of the press; enlightened despot; revolutionary emperor; religious tolerance
Utopian Socialism: Marx's critique of earlier forms of socialism---they rested on moral indignation and the need for the upper class to suddenly feel more just. Utopian socialists were prone to describe what that world would look like... Marx thought that was dumb.
War of 1859: War between Sardinia-Piedmont and Austria over northern Europe. Italy was helped by France; resulted in Northern Italian Kingdom
Constitution of 1791: It established a limited monarchy w/a clear separation of powers. There was a unicameral legislature elected by indirect voting. Every adult male w/minimal taxpaying requirements could vote, w/a higher qualification needed to serve public office.
Franco-Prussian War: War between France and Prussia -- pretty much the means for Prussia to exert itself in Europe against France. Incited by Bismark to show glory and strength of new country. Stability of North German Confederation was ensured by it.
John Kepler: Discovered the pattern of the orbit (eclipse)
David Ricardo: Principles of Political Economy (1817); "iron law of wages": rise of population means rise of amount of workers, which cause wages to fall below the subsistence level, resulting in misery and starvation
Risorgimento: the dream of the Italian state--a resurrection for the old times of Italy's greatness (Italian for "resurgence")
Battle of Caporetto: Germany and A-H launch attacks on in Italy and almost break into Italy. Tens of thousands of Italians died.
Continental System: British blockade which purpose was to keep imports out of enemy countries, and to keep the trade out of enemies hands
J.G. Herder: the author or "Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind", all genuine and true culture must arise from native roots, a true civilization must express a national character or Volksgeist
Slavic: a branch of the Indo European family of language
Schleswig-Holstein question: S & H are German speaking areas currently in Denmark. The "question" is whether or not to bring them into the German fatherland under unification. Bismark wanted these territories not for Germany, but for Prussia
Louis Philippe: King of France following Charles X. Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution (smelled his popularity was diminishing)
Voltaire: Enlightened Depotism; called for more civil and political liberties; disliked religion; influential in the courts; criticized patriotism
treaty of Frankfurt: Treaty ending the Franco-Prussian war. All but dictated by Bismark.
home front: women left home and domestic service to work in industry, transportation, and business.
Holy Alliance: Called by Alexander; stated that the allies promised to uphold Christian principles of charity and peace
Jean Francois Millet: Realist painter; "The Gleaners."
Dawes Plan (1924): Fixed Germany's reparations on a regular scale 2) Provided loans to Germany equal to 80 percent of what was owed in 1st year
modern Olympic Games: 1896, France 2) Symbol of sporting culture that grew after 1850 3) idea of "muscular Christianity" dominant at this time.
Naturalism: art movement 2) claimed that the artist should present life as is
July 14th, 1789: The Revoltionary crowd requested that the governor removed the cannon attached to the wall of the Bastille, the governor refused to remove it and the crowd turned into a mob.
Battle of Argonne: Allies offensive. U.S. troops v. Germany in the Argonne region of France. Aided in the breakdown of German resistance and the German request for an armistice.
Berlin Assembly: Different from Frankfurt Assembly. Happened in Berlin under Prussian rule; legislative body that was Anti-Junker and radical; granted local self-government to Poles of West Prussia; eventually crushed by Prussia.
Triple Alliance: An alliance between Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. A five year renewable pact that was signed in 1882.
National Convention: September 1792, Jacobin leaders, ordered that French Generals should dissolve the old governments, confiscate gov't and church property, abolish titles, hunting rights and seigneurial dues, and set up provisional administrations
Big Four: Leaders at Versailles 2) Wilson, George, Clemenceau, Orlando
Peterloo Massacre: In 1819, during a public meeting in St. Peter's Fields (Manchester, England), calvary charged into the crowd, killing 11. The purpose of the meeting was to protest the Corn Laws.
Viscount Castlereagh: British prime minister; subsidized the allies to win support against Napoleon; Treaty of Chaumont
Savoy: Royal house of Piedmont-Sardinia; only real native Italian dynasty in Italy--most everything else is Austrian or Bourbon
Legislative Assembly: After the constitution was finished, the NA gave way to the Legislative Assembly. Because of the Self Denying Ordinance, no National Assembly members could be in the Legislative Assembly 2) shortly after the establishment of the Assembly, the king escapes
1st Moroccan Crisis: France vs. Germany. France wanted Morocco for itself, and Germany demanded an international conference to settle Morocco's future. The crisis was a disaster for German diplomacy because Austria-Hungary was the only one that remained loyal to Germany. It led to French and British officials to begin talks about mutual military interests.
Provisional Government of France: New government following 1848 Revolution in France. Dominated by moderates who at first cooperated with the more radical members. Universal male suffrage. Citizen's right to work Established a commission to hold public hearings on labor problems.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: purpose was to affirm new state's principals and to set law to keep people equal. Natural rights were maintained and everyone had chances to become gov't officials. It encouraged the distribution of power of gov't
Battle of Navarino Bay: Battle that established Greek independence; England and Russian forces helped
Sardinia: Island off the coast of Italy. Together with Piedmont form the Italian kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the only real Italian state in all of Italy
Arc de Triomphe: Monument commemorating Napoleon's victories; built in 1836 and reminded people of Napoleon's legacy, allowing LP Bonaparte to get elected.
Jacobins: The society of friends of the constitution, the members met in an old Jacobin monastery in Paris. Their dues were so high that only some bourgeoisie could enter the club, this remained a middle class club.
Armenian Genocide: The most extreme example of civilian involvement in the first world in 1915, minority living in the Ottoman Empire had been subject to repression and violence. 800,000 were killed; sad foreshadow of events to come and an example of total war.
Master morality: Nietzsche's idea 2) these people are generally atheist, aristocratic, create their own values, are leaders, and think in terms of right and wrong
Orleanists: A supporter of the Orleans branch of the Bourbons that was descended from a younger brother of Louis XIV
Nicholas Copernicus: Astronomer 2) Developed the Heliocentric theory, which placed the sun at the center of the solar system
2nd Moroccan Crisis: France wanted to annex Morocco after agreement at an international conference. In 1911 sent the gunboat Panther to Moroccan port, and asked for all of the French Congo as the price for accepting the annexation. A compromise was reached, but tension was rising between the powers and a rising distrust of Germany was as well.
Anarchism: Philosophical movement that believed state was a repressive machine serving interests of wealth and that rejected imposed authority
Maximlien Robespierre: The commanding leader of the Convention, although people argued about his way of leading all agreed he was honest and zealous about revolution. contributed much in the revolution and was determined to bring about a democratic republic made up of good citizens and honest men. Wanted toleration of religion and ended up being executed
League of Nations: Established in 1920 2) America would not join 3) maintained peace in Europe
Allies: An alliance between GB, Russia, and France. It later included the USA
Suez Canal: Built during rule of Napoleon; canal from the Med. Sea to the Red Sea.
Apollonian: Nietzsche's idea 2) the tradition of science and reason in the world that has subjugated the passion of the people 3) art has followed this way of existence
Pius IX: Pope 2) Quanta Cura (1864) 3) denounced total faith in human reason => pope having the option of opposing "progress, liberalism and modern civilization"
British Reform Bill of 1832: Suffrage was increased by 800k; representation in Parliament was crudely based on population.
Convention and the Committee of Public Safety: A group of 12 members of the convention who are re-elected every month the main leaders of the Committee were Robespierre, Danton, and the ultra radical Hébert.
Mandate "classes": Class A: nations nearly ready for self-governing Class B: mostly African territories Class C: Pacific territories (treated as colonies)
Camillo di Cavour: Prime minister of Piedmon-Sardinia as of 1852; primary architect of Italian Unification; realpolitik; brought S-P into Crimean War in the hopes Italy would earn recognition.
Herbert Spencer: Synthetic Philosophy 2) progress "not an accident, but a necessity 3) social Darwinist 4) marketplace is the test of the fittest => laissez faire economics 5) last of the liberals
National Self-Determination: Wilson's idea that nations should govern themselves rather than be governed
Third Republic: Following Battle of Sedan, Napoleon III was captured and a revolt happened in Paris; lead to German surrounding of city
Battles of Isonzo: A series of 12 battles between Austrian-Hungarian and Italian armies. They were fought along the Isonzo River on the eastern sector of the Italian front between June 1915 and November 1917
Napoleon III: Helped S-P fight for unification; considered Italy his ancestral home; Italy couldn't unify without the help of some major European power.
Treaty of Versailles: Post World War I Treaty 2) Germany lost imperial holdings, Alsace and Lorraine
Francis Joseph: Emperor of Austria following Ferdinand's abdication in 1848. Generally out of his time. Responsible for dual-monarchy.
Impressionism: art movement 2) broke with tradition; tried to capture effects of light and color 3) Degas, Renoir, Monet, Cezanne 4) paintings focused on light, had deep brush strokes, captured color and the changing of light over the time of the day
Karl Marx: Dominant thinker of the late 1800s; developed with Engels the idea of Communism; developed the material dialectic
North German Confederation: Consisted of northern German states--basically an enlarged Prussia. Hereditary king (Wilhelm I) to whom minsters responded; universal male suffrage. System of government had a senate of sorts which represented states (but not qually) and the Reichstag, which represented the people.
Louis Philippe: King of France following Charles X. Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution (smelled his popularity was diminishing)
Michael Faraday: scientist 2) lines of magnetic force analogous to gravity 3) magnetic fields induce electric currents => electric generator
Conservatism: set of beliefs that includes limited role for the national government in helping individuals, support for traditional values and lifestyles, and a cautious response to change
Berlin Decree: issued by Napoleon, forbidding the importations of British goods into any part of Europe, allied with or depended on himself, this established the Continental System.
Georges Sorel: French thinker 2) believed public opinion owned more to prejudice than to reason 3) believed workers would bring down the bourgeoise through general strikes (syndicalism)
William Pitt: British Prime Minister, resisted war cries of Burke, reform plan that was ruined by war
Russian Revolution of 1905: Striking workers marched on the Russian palace 2) demanded a constitution 3) army fired on them (Bloody Sunday) 4)
Determinism: belief that behavior is determined by social circumstance or blood inheritance 2) popular theme in a Darwinian age
Lusitania: The British passenger ship sunk by Germans. There were American victims, which upset America and caused Germany (for a time) to limit submarine warfare.
Talleyrand: French negotiator at the Congress of Vienna; signed the Treaty of Paris
Robert Koch: German scientist 2) microbes cause diseases (tuberculosis) 3) new techniques in bacteriology
Bach System: Centralized control of Austria following revolutions of 1848 and Francis Joseph coming to the throne. Named after Alexander Bach. Tight control of Austria following period of revolutions. Shut down Hungarian nationalism; paved the road for Dual Monarchy to come.
Social Darwinism: idea that evolution can be applied to society 2) some classes, groups, nations or civilizations are "more fit" from an evolutionary perspective 3) applied to economics
Saint Simonians: Followers of Saint-Simon, who was the first economic thinker to conceive of a centrally planned industrial system (socialism). Generally, they liked Napoleon III.
Carlsbad Decrees: Issued by Metternich, required 39 independent German states, including Prussia and Austria, to root out subversive ideas. (censorship) Also established permanent comittee with spies to punish any liberal or radical organization.
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte: Elected president of France following general election. Won 70% of the votes because of his name. Bonaparte later changed the government to an empire w/himself as emperor just like his uncle, the original Napoleon.
zemstvos: Regional provinces in Russia following the emancipation; responsible for education, medicine and public welfare --- symbol of self government in Russia. Theoretically, their existence made Russia a good candidate for communist revolution.
Clemens von Metternich: Austrian foreign minister, thought it wise to renew good relations with France, architect at Congress of Vienna
February Revolution in Paris: Removal of Louis Philippe from power in France. Word of it created encouragement for republicanism and incited the March Days
Sinn Fein: ("We Ourselves") party declared Ireland independent in 1919
Corn Law: Protected the English landowners by prohibiting the importation of foreign grain unless the domestic price rose above a certain level.
Anti-Corn Law League: group against the Corn Law--a kind of crusade consisting of parades and protests
Balfour Declaration: Statement that Muslims would have equal rights to Jews in Palestine
Enlightened Despotism: The philosophy that says absolute leaders should be should lead by making the people happy, rather than making them succumb to some divine rule
Act of Emancipation 1861: Freedom of the serfs in Russia by Alexander II
Lassallean socialists: Followers of Ferdinand Lassalle. Unlike Marxian socialists, they believed socialism could be brought around by working with current governments, rather than trying to overthrow them. Marx would have called them Utopian socialists, because they depended on rich people to "come around" from a moral perspective; something Marx considered unlikely.
Galileo: Invented the telescope, wrote "Laws of the Moving Bodies"
Reign of Terror: set up by the Convention and the Committee of Public Safety to repress the "counterrevolution", killed many people from royal members to the Girondin leaders
Sigmund Freud: Austrian psychologist 2) Idea of the id, ego and superego 3) three stages of human development (oral, anal, phallic) 4) idea of the Oedipus and Elektra complex.
J.G. Fichte: German philosopher; inner spirit; nationalism; spirit of people as a whole created moral universe
Schlieffen Plan: The plan called for the German armies to advance in a northern arc through France, captured Paris, and thus definitely defeat France.
Joseph Lister: English scientist 2) carbolic acid kills germs
doctrine of nationalities: Napoleon III's belief that consolidation of nation's was this stage of history's great mission
Battle of Verdun: Battle fought between French and German armies from February to December 1916; more than 700,000 people died - one of the most costly battles of the WWI.
Scientific Socialism: Marx's breed of socialism --- differed from utopian socialism in that it was GOING to happen --- socialism was a scientific inevitability based on historical observation. Marx also thought it stupid do describe what that classless society would look like.
Seven Weeks' War: War between Prussia and Austria (and, by extension) most of the rest of the German Confederation. Original issue was Prussian occupation of Holstein and Bismark's dismissal of German Diet. The war was over before the rest of Europe could get their act together and intercede. Gave birth to North German Confederation. Italy helped a little bit and got Venetia for its troubles.
Dual Monarchy: The situtation in Hungary 1867. Austria would exist as an empire, and also rule over a kingdom of Hungary.
Franz Ferdinand: The Archduke of Austria-Hungary. He was assassinated in the capital of Bosnia, he was trying to display Hapsburg authority, and he and his wife were shot during the parade by a Bosnian revolutionary. This is significant because this was one of the occurances that was believed to be the cause of WWI.
The Estates: 1st Estate- Clergy 2nd Estate- Nobility 3rd Estate- everyone else. the French social class system whose unfairness triggered the French Revolution.
Battles of Ypres: British troops attacked in the north of Germany. Germany U-boats owned the battle, which made the British troops' moral shaken.
Central Powers: the wartime alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary against the Allies. Later the term was extended to include Turkey and Bulgaria.
Hundred Days: Napoleon' attempt to come back to power after exiled to Elba; end of the Napoleonic wars; Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria said that no Bonaparte would rule France.
Factory Act: Created factory workday for children between 9-13 to 8 hours a day. Not applicable to home. Outlawed child labor under 9-factory owners establish schools. Destroyed family unit.
Laissez faire: Free trade, no government regulation on business
Francis Bacon: Enlightenment philosopher 2) Inductive Reasoning (moving from details to a big picture), published "Novum Organum"
Joseph Mazzini: Early Italian nationalist; started "Young Italy Movement"; member of the Carbonari Movement
Clemenceau: French prime minister since November 1917.
Declaration of the Rights of the German People: Similar to Dec. of Independence and Rights of Man, but it spoke only about the German people. Issued by the Frankfurt Assembly.
Leo XIII: Pope (1878-1903) 2) established understanding with Bismarck and encouraged French Catholics to accept Third Republic
Polish corridor to the sea: Part of Treaty of Versailles 2) split Germany to give Poland access to the sea and the city of Danzig
Marie Montessori: feminist thinker 2) lectures on the "new women" were well received
Young Plan (1929): Put a limit on Germany's obligation 2) Reduced annual payments 3) Ended foreign occupation of Rhineland
bourgeoisie: The upper class of the third estate, bitter towards nobility (tax exemptions_
Westernizers: Members of Russian leadership who said that Russia needs to become more like Europe if it's to survive.
Materialism: The belief that matter is everything; there is no god; atoms and all; everything cycles around. Lead to positivism and realpolitik; founded in science; rejection of metaphysics following Romantic movement.
Frederick William IV: King of Prussia; allowed constitutional advances; reluctant to use military; turned down the crown
Georg Hegel: believed that history is "ideas in motion": each age is characterized by a dominant set of ideas, which produces opposing ideas and eventually a new synthesis. (Hegelian dialectic). Thus history has pattern and purpose.
Alsace and Lorraine: Border regions of France with German speaking peoples; Bismark annexed them following Franco-Prussian war.

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 261