An 11
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- What is the pathogeneisi of peridontal disease?
- Accumulation of bacterial plaque & resultant imflammation
- What is plaque?
- Accumulation of salavary glycoproteins, bacterial & oral debris on the tooth surface
- What is calculus?
- Mineralized plaque that requires mechanical removal within 24-48 hourrs
- What is gingivitis?
- Grade 1 & 2 of peridontal dis3ease which is reversible b/c
- What is periodontitis
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Grade 3,4,5 periodontal dz. - generally irreversible stage.
Bacterial is more motile, anaerobic,, gram + rods & filamentous organisms that produce endotoxins & exotoxins - What are some predisposing factors to peridontal dz?
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1. Tooth overcrowding
2. Malocclusion
3. Retained deciduoud teeth
4. Fractured teeth
Calculus bacteria in cementum at gum line - What are protective defenses against periodontal dz?
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1. Saliva - antibacterial flushing action
2. Enamel bulge - deflect food from gingiva
3. Normal occlusion
4. Mechanical action of tongue - What is the goal of dental prophylaxis?
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Remove plaque & calculus
2. create an anatomy that facillitates homecate - ------ is a reversible peridontal dz?
- Gingivitis
- ______ us a progressinve & not fully reversible peridontal dz?
- Periodonitits
- What grade is a healthy mouth?
- Grade 0
- What grade is established gingivitis? & prominent signs
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Grade 2
1. Moderate gingivitis
2. exaggeration of inital characteric lesions
3. Ruby Red gingiva, palque
4, increased gingival inflamation w/ edema
5. Bleeding on probing sulcus - What are the signs of Grade 1 periodontal dz?
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Early gingivitis
1. Gingival margin inflamed
2. slight redness, not swollen
3. Normal sulcus depth
4. Gram+ aerobic cocci & rods
5. Mild odor - What grade is early periodontitis & what are the signs?
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Grade 3
1. Severe gingivitis
2. Apical migration of gingival sulcus (increased depth 1-2 mm)
3. Early peridontal pocket formation - initially NO BONE LOSS
4. Rounded gingival margins - red & purple
5. Beginning of bone loss seen in radiograph - What is Grade 4 periodontal dz & its signs?
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Established Periodonitis
1. Severe inflammation & swelling
2. Continuation of est. lesion features
3. Loss of 30-40% of per. ligament & a,veolar bone support
4. Slight tooth mobility
5. Deep pocket formation - What are the signs of Grade 5 periodontal dz?
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Advanced Periodonititis
1. Marked gingival inflamamtion w/ hyperplasia
2. Pus present
3. Loss of more thatn 50% of ligament alveolar bone su[[ort
4. Marked teeth mobility ff. y tooth loss
5. Anaerobic gram= rods - What are the goals of dental prophylaxis
-
1. Remove plaque & calculus
2. Create anatomy that facilitates homecare - ______ is reversible peridontal dz
- Gingivitis
- ______ is not fully reversible
- Periodontitis is progressive
- Anodontia
- absence of all teeth
- Oligodontia
- too few teeth
- Polydontia
- more than usual teeth
- Gemination
- one root 2 crowns
- Fusion
- 2 tooth buds grow together to form 1 large tooth
- Enamel hypoplasia
- sections of enamel mssing which is viral in origin (distemper) or high fever cause
- Tetracycline staining
- Yellow stain due to administration of tetra in pregnant of young animals
- Impaction
- inability of tooth to erupt through the gum
- Abscesses tooth
- Caused by peridontal dz or fractures.
- In the dog which is the most commonly abscessed tooth?
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4
P
& canine - Oronasal fistula is caused by ?
- Abscess of maxillary canine teeth
- Signs of oronasal fistula
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1. nasal discharge
2. sneezing
3.epistaxis
4. Swelling below the eye - Which teeth are the most problematic with regards to retained deciduous teeth?
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Incisors & canines
Upper k-9 is rostral to the deciduous tooth - Types of malignant tumors causing oral lesions?
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1. Melanoma - common in dog
2. Squamous cell carcinona - most common in cats, 2nd most common in dogs
3. Fibrosarcoma - 3rd most common in dogs - guarded prognosis - What is the most common benign tumor
- Epuilis
- What are the 3 types of epulis
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1. Fibromatous
2. Ossifying
3. Acanthomatous - What causes gingival hyperplasia
- Thickening of the gingiva from chronic infection
- What breed is predisposed to gingival hyperplasia
- Boxer
- What is the tx for gingival hyperplasia
- Gingiva-ectomy - surgical excision
- Stomatitis is ???
- inflamation of the soft tissue of the oral cavity
- What causes stomatitis
- Immune related disorders , chemical or electrical burns
- Who is most likely to get stomatitis? & what are the signs
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Cats:
- foul breath
- red gingiva - What is the tx for stomatitis?
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1.cortocosteriods injections
2. full mouth extraction in immune mediated nature (except the k-9 which keeps the tongue in place - Why do you need to be careful administrating cortocosteriods to cats?
- May cause diabetis
- What are "kissing ulcers"
- Contact ulcers - a lesion caused where the tooth makes contact w/. the mucosa
- What are "rodent ulcers"
- Eosinophilic ulcers occuring on the lips of cats (benign)
- What is FEOR?
- Feline external odontal resorptive lesions
- What is the progression of FEOR
- ;esion starts onthe cementim then radiates out eventually to the dentin & enamel are gone & the tooth is prone to fracture
- What causes FEOR
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caliciviris,
low pH
Outdoor cats do not get - TX for FEOR
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extraction
ankleosis of the root - pulverization - What are the components of dental hand instruments/
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1. shank
2. working tip - What are the parts of a blade?
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1. face
2. lateral surfaces
3. back
4. cutting edge - What are scalers used for
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1.supragingival scaling. NOT going under the gingiva
2. developmental groove of the cat canine teeth - What ais the design of a scaler
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Working end has a tip & 2 cutting edges.
Blade is triangular - What is the curette used for
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1.Insturment of choice for subgingival scaling
2. remove necrotic cementum in root palning
3. debriding the gingiva - What is the design of a curette
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Working tip & back are rounded.
2. 2 cutting edges
3. blade in cross section is a semi-circle - What are explorers used for?
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1. detection of supragingival & subgingival calculus
2. enamel defects
3. furcation involvement
4. Allows for tactic sensitivity
5. Check if you've cleaned properly
6. ck. for caries
7. FEOR's - What is design of explorer
- Shepard's ook with thin metal
- What are probes used for ?
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Measuring sulcus depth
2. ID peridontal pockets & abnormal bleeding - What is the design of the probe
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Has littl color coded mm markings to determine the sulcusdepth
Very sharp point ` - What are tartar forceps used for?
- Used to crack large pieces of calculus from teeth
- Why do you need a hose for dental work?
- To remove large pieces of supragingical calculus
- What do you use to keep the mouth open
- Mouth gags
- Why do you need a mirror when doing dental work
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1. hold back the lips
2. visualization - Why apply floride
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1. antibacterial
2. desensitizes teeth
3. strengthens enamel - Fluoride applicatin
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1. put on
2. leave 1- 4 minutes
3. wipe off - What dilution of what should you use to flush the gingival sulcus?
- 0.12% to 0.2% chlorhexidine
- Why do you wipe & dry the teeth?
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1. easier to see the calculus on a dry surface
2. Flouride works best on a dry tooth - What is the maximum amount of time a mechanical scaler can be in contact with the tooth & why?
- 5-15 seconds b.c the heat builds up & will damage teh pulp
- Why is it necessary to polish the teeth?
- to remove microscopic grooves left by scaling
- Why do you want to flare the prophy cup?
- Apply a light pressure so that the cup can go under the gum line
- What rpm do you set the polisher?
- 3000rpm
- What kind of paste do you use & why?
- Medium to fine on wet teeth b/c paste has particulate matter & don't want to remove the enamel
- After a dental what things do you chart/
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1. findings
2. calculus
3. fractures
4. retained roots
5. resorptive lesions
6. malocclusions
7. oral lesions - What does the gingival index indicate & what is the range
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The amount of inflammation
G0 to G3 - What does the peridontal index measure & what is the range
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% of peridontal support destroyed by dz, measured from the CEJ to the apex of the defect
P0 to P5 - What is the mobility index
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Give prognosis for tooth survival
M0 - no mobility
M1- less than 1mm laterally & apically
M2 - still tight in the alveolar socket 1-2mm laterally, no apical
M3 0 movers around the aveolar socket - requires extraction - PI 1
- gingivitis only w/ no attachment loss
- PI 2
- less than 25% attachment loss
- PI 3
- 25-50% attachment loss
- PI 4
- greater than 50% attachment loss
- GI 3
- advanced gingivitis, inflammation, edema, hyperemia, spontaneous bleeding, attachmentmay e lost (increased sulcus depth)
- GI 2
- moderate gingivitis, increased hyperemia, edema, bleeds on gentle probing, NO INCREASE IN SULCUS depth