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An 11

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What is the pathogeneisi of peridontal disease?
Accumulation of bacterial plaque & resultant imflammation
What is plaque?
Accumulation of salavary glycoproteins, bacterial & oral debris on the tooth surface
What is calculus?
Mineralized plaque that requires mechanical removal within 24-48 hourrs
What is gingivitis?
Grade 1 & 2 of peridontal dis3ease which is reversible b/c
What is periodontitis
Grade 3,4,5 periodontal dz. - generally irreversible stage.

Bacterial is more motile, anaerobic,, gram + rods & filamentous organisms that produce endotoxins & exotoxins
What are some predisposing factors to peridontal dz?
1. Tooth overcrowding
2. Malocclusion
3. Retained deciduoud teeth
4. Fractured teeth
Calculus bacteria in cementum at gum line
What are protective defenses against periodontal dz?
1. Saliva - antibacterial flushing action
2. Enamel bulge - deflect food from gingiva
3. Normal occlusion
4. Mechanical action of tongue
What is the goal of dental prophylaxis?
Remove plaque & calculus
2. create an anatomy that facillitates homecate
------ is a reversible peridontal dz?
Gingivitis
______ us a progressinve & not fully reversible peridontal dz?
Periodonitits
What grade is a healthy mouth?
Grade 0
What grade is established gingivitis? & prominent signs
Grade 2
1. Moderate gingivitis
2. exaggeration of inital characteric lesions
3. Ruby Red gingiva, palque
4, increased gingival inflamation w/ edema
5. Bleeding on probing sulcus
What are the signs of Grade 1 periodontal dz?
Early gingivitis
1. Gingival margin inflamed
2. slight redness, not swollen
3. Normal sulcus depth
4. Gram+ aerobic cocci & rods
5. Mild odor
What grade is early periodontitis & what are the signs?
Grade 3
1. Severe gingivitis
2. Apical migration of gingival sulcus (increased depth 1-2 mm)
3. Early peridontal pocket formation - initially NO BONE LOSS
4. Rounded gingival margins - red & purple
5. Beginning of bone loss seen in radiograph
What is Grade 4 periodontal dz & its signs?
Established Periodonitis
1. Severe inflammation & swelling
2. Continuation of est. lesion features
3. Loss of 30-40% of per. ligament & a,veolar bone support
4. Slight tooth mobility
5. Deep pocket formation
What are the signs of Grade 5 periodontal dz?
Advanced Periodonititis
1. Marked gingival inflamamtion w/ hyperplasia
2. Pus present
3. Loss of more thatn 50% of ligament alveolar bone su[[ort
4. Marked teeth mobility ff. y tooth loss
5. Anaerobic gram= rods
What are the goals of dental prophylaxis
1. Remove plaque & calculus
2. Create anatomy that facilitates homecare
______ is reversible peridontal dz
Gingivitis
______ is not fully reversible
Periodontitis is progressive
Anodontia
absence of all teeth
Oligodontia
too few teeth
Polydontia
more than usual teeth
Gemination
one root 2 crowns
Fusion
2 tooth buds grow together to form 1 large tooth
Enamel hypoplasia
sections of enamel mssing which is viral in origin (distemper) or high fever cause
Tetracycline staining
Yellow stain due to administration of tetra in pregnant of young animals
Impaction
inability of tooth to erupt through the gum
Abscesses tooth
Caused by peridontal dz or fractures.
In the dog which is the most commonly abscessed tooth?
4
P

& canine
Oronasal fistula is caused by ?
Abscess of maxillary canine teeth
Signs of oronasal fistula
1. nasal discharge
2. sneezing
3.epistaxis
4. Swelling below the eye
Which teeth are the most problematic with regards to retained deciduous teeth?
Incisors & canines
Upper k-9 is rostral to the deciduous tooth
Types of malignant tumors causing oral lesions?
1. Melanoma - common in dog
2. Squamous cell carcinona - most common in cats, 2nd most common in dogs
3. Fibrosarcoma - 3rd most common in dogs - guarded prognosis
What is the most common benign tumor
Epuilis
What are the 3 types of epulis
1. Fibromatous
2. Ossifying
3. Acanthomatous
What causes gingival hyperplasia
Thickening of the gingiva from chronic infection
What breed is predisposed to gingival hyperplasia
Boxer
What is the tx for gingival hyperplasia
Gingiva-ectomy - surgical excision
Stomatitis is ???
inflamation of the soft tissue of the oral cavity
What causes stomatitis
Immune related disorders , chemical or electrical burns
Who is most likely to get stomatitis? & what are the signs
Cats:
- foul breath
- red gingiva
What is the tx for stomatitis?
1.cortocosteriods injections
2. full mouth extraction in immune mediated nature (except the k-9 which keeps the tongue in place
Why do you need to be careful administrating cortocosteriods to cats?
May cause diabetis
What are "kissing ulcers"
Contact ulcers - a lesion caused where the tooth makes contact w/. the mucosa
What are "rodent ulcers"
Eosinophilic ulcers occuring on the lips of cats (benign)
What is FEOR?
Feline external odontal resorptive lesions
What is the progression of FEOR
;esion starts onthe cementim then radiates out eventually to the dentin & enamel are gone & the tooth is prone to fracture
What causes FEOR
caliciviris,
low pH
Outdoor cats do not get
TX for FEOR
extraction
ankleosis of the root - pulverization
What are the components of dental hand instruments/
1. shank
2. working tip
What are the parts of a blade?
1. face
2. lateral surfaces
3. back
4. cutting edge
What are scalers used for
1.supragingival scaling. NOT going under the gingiva
2. developmental groove of the cat canine teeth
What ais the design of a scaler
Working end has a tip & 2 cutting edges.
Blade is triangular
What is the curette used for
1.Insturment of choice for subgingival scaling
2. remove necrotic cementum in root palning
3. debriding the gingiva
What is the design of a curette
Working tip & back are rounded.
2. 2 cutting edges
3. blade in cross section is a semi-circle
What are explorers used for?
1. detection of supragingival & subgingival calculus
2. enamel defects
3. furcation involvement
4. Allows for tactic sensitivity
5. Check if you've cleaned properly
6. ck. for caries
7. FEOR's
What is design of explorer
Shepard's ook with thin metal
What are probes used for ?
Measuring sulcus depth
2. ID peridontal pockets & abnormal bleeding
What is the design of the probe
Has littl color coded mm markings to determine the sulcusdepth
Very sharp point `
What are tartar forceps used for?
Used to crack large pieces of calculus from teeth
Why do you need a hose for dental work?
To remove large pieces of supragingical calculus
What do you use to keep the mouth open
Mouth gags
Why do you need a mirror when doing dental work
1. hold back the lips
2. visualization
Why apply floride
1. antibacterial
2. desensitizes teeth
3. strengthens enamel
Fluoride applicatin
1. put on
2. leave 1- 4 minutes
3. wipe off
What dilution of what should you use to flush the gingival sulcus?
0.12% to 0.2% chlorhexidine
Why do you wipe & dry the teeth?
1. easier to see the calculus on a dry surface
2. Flouride works best on a dry tooth
What is the maximum amount of time a mechanical scaler can be in contact with the tooth & why?
5-15 seconds b.c the heat builds up & will damage teh pulp
Why is it necessary to polish the teeth?
to remove microscopic grooves left by scaling
Why do you want to flare the prophy cup?
Apply a light pressure so that the cup can go under the gum line
What rpm do you set the polisher?
3000rpm
What kind of paste do you use & why?
Medium to fine on wet teeth b/c paste has particulate matter & don't want to remove the enamel
After a dental what things do you chart/
1. findings
2. calculus
3. fractures
4. retained roots
5. resorptive lesions
6. malocclusions
7. oral lesions
What does the gingival index indicate & what is the range
The amount of inflammation
G0 to G3
What does the peridontal index measure & what is the range
% of peridontal support destroyed by dz, measured from the CEJ to the apex of the defect
P0 to P5
What is the mobility index
Give prognosis for tooth survival
M0 - no mobility
M1- less than 1mm laterally & apically
M2 - still tight in the alveolar socket 1-2mm laterally, no apical
M3 0 movers around the aveolar socket - requires extraction
PI 1
gingivitis only w/ no attachment loss
PI 2
less than 25% attachment loss
PI 3
25-50% attachment loss
PI 4
greater than 50% attachment loss
GI 3
advanced gingivitis, inflammation, edema, hyperemia, spontaneous bleeding, attachmentmay e lost (increased sulcus depth)
GI 2
moderate gingivitis, increased hyperemia, edema, bleeds on gentle probing, NO INCREASE IN SULCUS depth

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