AP Mod vocab 5
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- Martin Luther
- German theologian who challenged the church's practice of selling indulgences, a challenge that ultimately led to the destruction of the unity of the Roman Catholic world
- Ferdinand Magellan
- circumnavigator of the globe, 1519-1522
- Thomas Malthus
- English parson whose "Essay on Population" argued that population would always increase faster than food supplies
- manorialism
- economic base of feudalism; in brief, the economic system in which the serfs worked the fields of the manorial lord and provided the material wherewithal to support the noble class
- Maria Theresa
- Archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary, who lost the Hapsburg possession of Silesia to Frederick the Great but was able to keep her other Austrian territories
- Marshall Plan
- program that advanced more than $11 billion dollars for European recovery to 16 Western nations from 1947-1953; the final cost to the US was $20 billion
- Karl Marx
- German philosopher and founder of Marxism, the theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development
- Guiseppe Mazzini
- idealistic patriot devoted to the principle of united and republican Italy in a world of free states
- "Mein Kampf" ("My Struggle")
- work written by Hitler while in prison in 1923; the book outlines his policies for German expansion, war, and elimination of non-Aryans
- Mensheviks
- right-wing or moderate Russian Marxists willing to cooperate with the bourgeoisie
- mercantilism
- governmental policies by which the state regulates the economy through taxes, tariffs, subsides and laws
- Prince Klemens von Metternich
- Austrian member of the nobility and chief architect of conservative policy at the Congress of Vienna
- John Stuart Mill
- British philosopher who published "On Liberty" advocating individual rights against gov't intrusion, and "The Subjection of Women" on the cause of women's rights
- Mir
- a village commune where the emancipated serfs lived and worked collectively in order to meet redemption payments to the gov't
- Montesquieu
- author of "Spirit of the Laws" and "Persian Letters"
- Sir Thomas More
- Renaissance humanist and chancellor of England, executed by Henry VIII for his refusal to acknowledge publicly his king as Supreme Head of the Church Clergy of England
- Aldo Moro
- former premier of Italy and leader of the Christian Democratic Party who was assassinated by a terrorist group in 1978
- Moroccan crises
- confrontations in 1906 and 1911 between Germany and the nations of France and England over William II's interest in colonial gains in Africa
- Benito Mussolini
- the founder and leader of the Italian Fascist Party
- Nagasaki
- Japanese city on which the US dropped an atomic bomb on August 9, 1945, briniging the Japanese surrender and an end to WWII
- Napoleon Bonaparte
- consul and later emperor of France who established several of the reforms (Code _____) of the French Revolution during his dictatorial rule
- Napoleon III
- the former Louis Napoleon, who became president of the Second Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup d'etat, ultimately making himself the head of the Second EEmpire
- National Socialists (Nazis)
- the political party of Adolf Hitler
- nationalism
- shared traditions and common loyalties uniting peoples, speaking a similiar langauge (there may be dialect differences)
- Nazi-Soviet Pact
- an agreement between Hitler and Stalin to remain neutral if the other went to war; also, German acknowledgement of Russia's sphere of influence in the Baltics and a secret clause agreeing to the division and takeover of Poland
- nepotism
- the practice of rewarding relatives with church positions
- New Economic Policy (NEP)
- plan intorduced by Lenin after the Russian civil war. Essentially it was a retreat from war communism, allowing some private ownership among the peasants to stimulate agrarian production
- New Model Army
- the disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war
- New Monarchs
- term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthend their monarchical authority, often by Machiavellian means
- Isaac Newton
- English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited a universe operating in accord with natural law