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Science Everything (filched from everyone) plz forgive the repetition

Terms

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Ohm's law
the relationship of voltage, current, and resistance: V=IR.
Parallel circuits
an electric circuit with two or more paths through which charge can flow.
solidification
a change from a liquid to a solid
Complete combustion
makes carbondioxide and water.
Nearsightedness
an eye condition in which distant objects are blurry.
mirage
image of a distant object that results when air goes at ground level is much warmer or cooler than the air layers above it. which makes the image refract and appear at a different location from where it actually is. this false image due to refraction in the atmosphere
Convex (converging) lens
a lens that is curved outward at the center and is thinnest at the outside edges.
Direct current
a flow of electric charge in only one direction.
Electric field
a field in a region of space that exerts electric forces on charged particles; a field produced by electric charges or by changing magnetic fields.
aromatic hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons that contain a ring structure similar to benzene
Translucent
a description of a material that scatters light that passes through it.
generator
a device that converts chemical energy to electric energy
incoherent light
light that contains more that one wavelength and does not travel with its crests and troughs aligned in the same direction. the light is out of phase
Complementary colors of light
any two colors of light that combine to form white light.
vaporization
a change from a liquid to a gas
A-particle (alpha particle)
4 2 He
Critical angle
the angle of incidence that produces an angle of refraction equal to 90 degrees.
refraction
the bending of waves (light), caused by changing their speeds
fusion
a change from a solid to a liquid
sublimation
a change from a solid to a gas
Mirage
a false or distorted image.
Angle of Incidence
the angle an incident ray makes with a line perpendicular to a surface it strikes.
electron
0 -1 e
nuclear mass defect
mass in a nucleus that is converted to energy
cation
a positively charged ion
magnetic pole
a region where a magnet's force is strongest
4 forces of nature
gravity, electromagnetic, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force.
transformer
a device that increases or decreases the voltage and current of two linked AC circuits
endothermic
a process where energy is received
Index of refraction
the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium.
Snell's Law
ni sin 0i=nr sin 0r
Regular reflection
a reflection that occurs when parallel light waves strike a surface and all reflect in the same direction.
neutralization
a chemical reaction between an acid and a base.
static electricity
the study of the behavior of electric charges, including how charge is transferred between objects
Transparent
a description of a material that allows most of the light that strikes it to pass through.
Incandescent light
The light produced when an object gets hot enough to glow (when electrons flow through the filament of an incandescent bulb, the filament gets hot and emits light).
Hydrocarbon
An organic compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon.
fuel used in nuclear fission
235 92 U
Induction
the transfer of charge without contact between materials.
Combined Gas Law
V1P1/T2=V2P2/T2
Lens
an object made of any thin, transparent material that has one or two curved surfaces that can refract light.
Isomers
Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulas. (other structural formulas include branched chains, straight chains, and rings).
Boyle's law
a gas law that states when temperature remains constant the pressure and volume are inversely proportional V1P1=V2P2
Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen, often combined with a few other elements such as oxygen or nitrogen.
series circuits
electric circuits with only one path through which charge can go
used for radioactive dating
14 6 C
fuse
a device that prevents overheating due to current overload in a circuit
Heat Transfer
Hot to Cold-- Heat lost=Heat gained -- when something loses heat it will always be gained somewhere else
Cones
Light-sensitive neurons in the retina that detect color.
electric field
a field in a region of space that exerts electric forces on charged particles; a field produced by electric charges or by changing magnetic fields
near sightedness
an eye condition that causes far objects to be blurry
vaporization
a phase change from liquid to gas
condensation
a phase change from gas to liquid
Electrical conductor
a materials through which electric charge can flow easily.
Dispersion
the process of dissolving by breaking into smaller pieces, the process in which white light separates into colors.
titration process
adding substances to another until you have a desired affect.
Primary colors
three specific colors that can be combined in varying intensities to create millions of colors.
Aromatic hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons that contain a ring structure similar to benzene.
hydrocarbon
an organic compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon
Alkynes
Triple bonds between carbon atoms: C(3 lines)C
direct current
a flow of electric charge in only one direction
Opaque
a description of a material that either absorbs or reflects all of the light that strikes it so nothing can be seen through it.
Polymer
a large molecule formed when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds (Natural are biological molecules ex. protien, and synthetic is manufactured in factories ex. polar fleece)..
parallel circuits
electric circuits with two or more paths through which charge can flow
B-particle
0 -1 e
Electric power
the rate at which electrical energy is converted to another form of energy.
Polarized light
a type of light including light with waves that vibrate in only one plane.
2 types of radioactivity
alpha, beta, and gamma.
Ionic Bonds
elements take or steal electrons, and also include + and - charges
base
a compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
Acid Rain
The combustion of fossil fuels causes the acidity of rain to increase. (nitrogen and sulfur come up from the coal and creates acid rain)
Electric force
the attraction or repulsion between electrically charged objects.
hydronium ion
is produced when acids dissolve in water
vapor pressure
the pressure exerted by vapor in a closed system
Volatage
potential difference, the difference in electrical potential energy between two places in an electric filed.
Image
a copy of an object formed by reflected or refracted rays of light.
Ray diagram
a diagram that shows how light rays change direction when they strike mirrors and pass through lenses.
phosphor
substance which glows or emits light when struck by electrons
electric conductor
a material through which electric charge can flow easily
Incomplete combustion
makes carbonmonooxide (a poison) and water.
Hydroxyl group
-OH often associated with alcohol
deposition
a phase change from gas to solid
salt
an ionic compound formed when an acid reacts with a base
Law of reflection
states that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence
electric charge
a property that causes subatomic particles such as protons and electrons to attract or repel one another
sour
a taste that is based on an acid
Law of conservation of charge
law stating that the total electric charge in an isolated system in constant; electric charge is never created or destroyed.
alternating current
a flow of electric charge that regularly reverses its direction
reflection
bouncing of wave off a surface. In this law, the angle of reflection is euaal to the angle of incidence
weak acids
when these in water they slightly ionize or dissociate.
proton
1 1 H
hydrophilic
the head of a surfactant loves water.
exothermic
a process where energy is released
Photons
a packet of electromagnetic energy.
potential difference
the difference in electrical potential energy between two places in an electric field
law of conservation of charge
the total electric charge in an isolated system is constant; electric charge is never created or destroyed
hydrophobic
the head of a surfactant repels water.
Eye structure
Cornea, pupil, iris, lens and the retina.
Concave (diverging) lens
a lens that is curved inward at the center and is thickest at the outside edges.
Battery
a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
Electromagnetic spectrum
the full range of electromagnetic radiation.
strong acids
when these have dissolved in water they ionize almost completely.
Electrical insulator
a material through which charge cannot flow easily.
Secondary colors
new color that results when any two of the primary colors are combined.
Static electricity
the study of the behavior of electric charges, including how charge in an isolated system in constant; electric charge is never created or destroyed.
liquid
a state of matter with a definite volume but without definite shape
Complementary colors of pigments
any two colors of pigments that combine to make black pigment.
anion
a negatively charged ion
electromagnetic induction
the process of generating a current by moving an electrical conductor relative to the magnetic field
bitter
a taste that contains a base
far sightedness
an eye condition that causes nearby objects to be blurry
Ohm's law
the relationship of voltage, current, and resistance: V=IR
electric current
a continuous flow of electric charge
Phosphor
a solid material that emits light by fluorescence.
Electric current
a continuous flow of electric charge.
condensation
a change from a gas to a liquid
Electric charge
a property that causes subatomic particles such as protons and electrons to attract or repel one another.
Rods
light-sensitive neurons in the retina that detect low-intensity light and distinguish black, white, and gray.
transmutation
the conversion of one element to another through a nuclear reaction.
indicator
any substance that changes color based on the presence of an acid or a base
electric insulator
a material through which charge cannot flow easily
Charles' law
a gas law that states when pressure remains constant, the volume and temperature are directly proportional V1/T1=V2/T2
circuit breaker
a switch that opens when the current in a circuit is too high
Coherent light
light waves having the same wavelength, with the crests and troughs lined up.
Speed of light (a measure)
The speed of light in a vacuum, c, is 3x10(8) meters per second.
sublimation
a phase change from solid to gas
Combustion of fossil fuels
The primary products are carbon dioxide and water (the energy released from fossil fuels through combustion is sued to heat buildings, cook food, or for transportation).
Electric circuits
a complete path through which electric charge can flow.
indicator
a substance that changes color in the prescence of an acid or base (lets you know when something has changed).
gas
a state of matter with neither definite shape nor volume
Laser
a device that generates a beam of coherent light.
Electromagnetic wave
a transverse wave consisting of changing electric and changing magnetic fields.
deposition
a change from a gas to a solid
Alkenes
Double bonds between carbon atoms: C=C.
Circuit breakter
a switch that opens when the current in a circuit is too high.
Photosynthesis
a process in which plants chemically combine carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates, a process associated with plants containing chlorophyll.
metallic bond
any charged particle where (+) or (-)
solidification
a phase change from liquid to solid (freezing)
Marie Curie
coined the term radioactivity/discovers radium and polonium.
buffer
a solution that is resistant to large changes in pH
electric power
the rate at which electrical energy is converted to another form of energy
electrolytes
a substance that ionizes or dissociates into ions when it dissolves in water.
dehydrating agent
a substance that removes water so the item will stay dry.
induction
the transfer of charge without contact between materials
electric circuits
complete paths through which electric charge can flow
solid
a state of matter with definite shape and volume
phase change
the change from one phase to another
covalent bond
elements share electrons, doesn't include positive and negative charges
coherent light
light of a single wavelength that travels with its crests and troughs aligned in the same direction. light has the same frequency and color
Florescent light
emit light by causing a phosphor to steadily emit photons.
Ernest Rutherford
discovered the nucleus/describes transmutation/does important work on alpha and gamma rays.
Alkanes
single bonds between carbon atoms (C-C)
Alternating current
a flow of electric charge that regularly reverses its direction
Farsightedness
an eye condition that causes nearby objects to blurry.
fusion
a phase change from solid to liquid (melting)
Series circuit
an electric circuit with only one path through which charge can flow.
neutralization
the reaction between an acid and a base
Pigment
a material that selectively absorbs certain colors of light and reflects other colors.
electric force
the attraction or repulsion between electrically charged objects
grounding
the transfer of excess charge through a conductor to Earth
buffer
a solution that is resistant to large changes in pH.
Monomers
small organic compounds which are the building blocks of polymers.
Fuse
a device that prevents overheating due to current overload in a circuit.
alloy
a mixture of 2 elements- one must be a medal (ex. Brass)
neutron
1 0 n
Resistance
the opposition tot the flow of electric charges in a material.
nuclear binding energy
energy that a nucleus releases in the process of trying to stabilize itself.
polarized light
a type of light with waves that vibrate in only one plane
resistance
the opposition to the flow of electric charges in a material
positron
0 1 e
Angle of Reflection
the angle a light ray makes with the normal after it enters a new medium at an angle.
fuel used in nuclear fusion
1 1 H
acid
a compound that produces hydronium ions when dissolved in water
battery
a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy
B+ particle
0 1 e

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