Science Everything (filched from everyone) plz forgive the repetition
Terms
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- Ohm's law
- the relationship of voltage, current, and resistance: V=IR.
- Parallel circuits
- an electric circuit with two or more paths through which charge can flow.
- solidification
- a change from a liquid to a solid
- Complete combustion
- makes carbondioxide and water.
- Nearsightedness
- an eye condition in which distant objects are blurry.
- mirage
- image of a distant object that results when air goes at ground level is much warmer or cooler than the air layers above it. which makes the image refract and appear at a different location from where it actually is. this false image due to refraction in the atmosphere
- Convex (converging) lens
- a lens that is curved outward at the center and is thinnest at the outside edges.
- Direct current
- a flow of electric charge in only one direction.
- Electric field
- a field in a region of space that exerts electric forces on charged particles; a field produced by electric charges or by changing magnetic fields.
- aromatic hydrocarbons
- hydrocarbons that contain a ring structure similar to benzene
- Translucent
- a description of a material that scatters light that passes through it.
- generator
- a device that converts chemical energy to electric energy
- incoherent light
- light that contains more that one wavelength and does not travel with its crests and troughs aligned in the same direction. the light is out of phase
- Complementary colors of light
- any two colors of light that combine to form white light.
- vaporization
- a change from a liquid to a gas
- A-particle (alpha particle)
- 4 2 He
- Critical angle
- the angle of incidence that produces an angle of refraction equal to 90 degrees.
- refraction
- the bending of waves (light), caused by changing their speeds
- fusion
- a change from a solid to a liquid
- sublimation
- a change from a solid to a gas
- Mirage
- a false or distorted image.
- Angle of Incidence
- the angle an incident ray makes with a line perpendicular to a surface it strikes.
- electron
- 0 -1 e
- nuclear mass defect
- mass in a nucleus that is converted to energy
- cation
- a positively charged ion
- magnetic pole
- a region where a magnet's force is strongest
- 4 forces of nature
- gravity, electromagnetic, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force.
- transformer
- a device that increases or decreases the voltage and current of two linked AC circuits
- endothermic
- a process where energy is received
- Index of refraction
- the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium.
- Snell's Law
- ni sin 0i=nr sin 0r
- Regular reflection
- a reflection that occurs when parallel light waves strike a surface and all reflect in the same direction.
- neutralization
- a chemical reaction between an acid and a base.
- static electricity
- the study of the behavior of electric charges, including how charge is transferred between objects
- Transparent
- a description of a material that allows most of the light that strikes it to pass through.
- Incandescent light
- The light produced when an object gets hot enough to glow (when electrons flow through the filament of an incandescent bulb, the filament gets hot and emits light).
- Hydrocarbon
- An organic compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon.
- fuel used in nuclear fission
- 235 92 U
- Induction
- the transfer of charge without contact between materials.
- Combined Gas Law
- V1P1/T2=V2P2/T2
- Lens
- an object made of any thin, transparent material that has one or two curved surfaces that can refract light.
- Isomers
- Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulas. (other structural formulas include branched chains, straight chains, and rings).
- Boyle's law
- a gas law that states when temperature remains constant the pressure and volume are inversely proportional V1P1=V2P2
- Organic Compounds
- Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen, often combined with a few other elements such as oxygen or nitrogen.
- series circuits
- electric circuits with only one path through which charge can go
- used for radioactive dating
- 14 6 C
- fuse
- a device that prevents overheating due to current overload in a circuit
- Heat Transfer
- Hot to Cold-- Heat lost=Heat gained -- when something loses heat it will always be gained somewhere else
- Cones
- Light-sensitive neurons in the retina that detect color.
- electric field
- a field in a region of space that exerts electric forces on charged particles; a field produced by electric charges or by changing magnetic fields
- near sightedness
- an eye condition that causes far objects to be blurry
- vaporization
- a phase change from liquid to gas
- condensation
- a phase change from gas to liquid
- Electrical conductor
- a materials through which electric charge can flow easily.
- Dispersion
- the process of dissolving by breaking into smaller pieces, the process in which white light separates into colors.
- titration process
- adding substances to another until you have a desired affect.
- Primary colors
- three specific colors that can be combined in varying intensities to create millions of colors.
- Aromatic hydrocarbons
- hydrocarbons that contain a ring structure similar to benzene.
- hydrocarbon
- an organic compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon
- Alkynes
- Triple bonds between carbon atoms: C(3 lines)C
- direct current
- a flow of electric charge in only one direction
- Opaque
- a description of a material that either absorbs or reflects all of the light that strikes it so nothing can be seen through it.
- Polymer
- a large molecule formed when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds (Natural are biological molecules ex. protien, and synthetic is manufactured in factories ex. polar fleece)..
- parallel circuits
- electric circuits with two or more paths through which charge can flow
- B-particle
- 0 -1 e
- Electric power
- the rate at which electrical energy is converted to another form of energy.
- Polarized light
- a type of light including light with waves that vibrate in only one plane.
- 2 types of radioactivity
- alpha, beta, and gamma.
- Ionic Bonds
- elements take or steal electrons, and also include + and - charges
- base
- a compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
- Acid Rain
- The combustion of fossil fuels causes the acidity of rain to increase. (nitrogen and sulfur come up from the coal and creates acid rain)
- Electric force
- the attraction or repulsion between electrically charged objects.
- hydronium ion
- is produced when acids dissolve in water
- vapor pressure
- the pressure exerted by vapor in a closed system
- Volatage
- potential difference, the difference in electrical potential energy between two places in an electric filed.
- Image
- a copy of an object formed by reflected or refracted rays of light.
- Ray diagram
- a diagram that shows how light rays change direction when they strike mirrors and pass through lenses.
- phosphor
- substance which glows or emits light when struck by electrons
- electric conductor
- a material through which electric charge can flow easily
- Incomplete combustion
- makes carbonmonooxide (a poison) and water.
- Hydroxyl group
- -OH often associated with alcohol
- deposition
- a phase change from gas to solid
- salt
- an ionic compound formed when an acid reacts with a base
- Law of reflection
- states that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence
- electric charge
- a property that causes subatomic particles such as protons and electrons to attract or repel one another
- sour
- a taste that is based on an acid
- Law of conservation of charge
- law stating that the total electric charge in an isolated system in constant; electric charge is never created or destroyed.
- alternating current
- a flow of electric charge that regularly reverses its direction
- reflection
- bouncing of wave off a surface. In this law, the angle of reflection is euaal to the angle of incidence
- weak acids
- when these in water they slightly ionize or dissociate.
- proton
- 1 1 H
- hydrophilic
- the head of a surfactant loves water.
- exothermic
- a process where energy is released
- Photons
- a packet of electromagnetic energy.
- potential difference
- the difference in electrical potential energy between two places in an electric field
- law of conservation of charge
- the total electric charge in an isolated system is constant; electric charge is never created or destroyed
- hydrophobic
- the head of a surfactant repels water.
- Eye structure
- Cornea, pupil, iris, lens and the retina.
- Concave (diverging) lens
- a lens that is curved inward at the center and is thickest at the outside edges.
- Battery
- a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- the full range of electromagnetic radiation.
- strong acids
- when these have dissolved in water they ionize almost completely.
- Electrical insulator
- a material through which charge cannot flow easily.
- Secondary colors
- new color that results when any two of the primary colors are combined.
- Static electricity
- the study of the behavior of electric charges, including how charge in an isolated system in constant; electric charge is never created or destroyed.
- liquid
- a state of matter with a definite volume but without definite shape
- Complementary colors of pigments
- any two colors of pigments that combine to make black pigment.
- anion
- a negatively charged ion
- electromagnetic induction
- the process of generating a current by moving an electrical conductor relative to the magnetic field
- bitter
- a taste that contains a base
- far sightedness
- an eye condition that causes nearby objects to be blurry
- Ohm's law
- the relationship of voltage, current, and resistance: V=IR
- electric current
- a continuous flow of electric charge
- Phosphor
- a solid material that emits light by fluorescence.
- Electric current
- a continuous flow of electric charge.
- condensation
- a change from a gas to a liquid
- Electric charge
- a property that causes subatomic particles such as protons and electrons to attract or repel one another.
- Rods
- light-sensitive neurons in the retina that detect low-intensity light and distinguish black, white, and gray.
- transmutation
- the conversion of one element to another through a nuclear reaction.
- indicator
- any substance that changes color based on the presence of an acid or a base
- electric insulator
- a material through which charge cannot flow easily
- Charles' law
- a gas law that states when pressure remains constant, the volume and temperature are directly proportional V1/T1=V2/T2
- circuit breaker
- a switch that opens when the current in a circuit is too high
- Coherent light
- light waves having the same wavelength, with the crests and troughs lined up.
- Speed of light (a measure)
- The speed of light in a vacuum, c, is 3x10(8) meters per second.
- sublimation
- a phase change from solid to gas
- Combustion of fossil fuels
- The primary products are carbon dioxide and water (the energy released from fossil fuels through combustion is sued to heat buildings, cook food, or for transportation).
- Electric circuits
- a complete path through which electric charge can flow.
- indicator
- a substance that changes color in the prescence of an acid or base (lets you know when something has changed).
- gas
- a state of matter with neither definite shape nor volume
- Laser
- a device that generates a beam of coherent light.
- Electromagnetic wave
- a transverse wave consisting of changing electric and changing magnetic fields.
- deposition
- a change from a gas to a solid
- Alkenes
- Double bonds between carbon atoms: C=C.
- Circuit breakter
- a switch that opens when the current in a circuit is too high.
- Photosynthesis
- a process in which plants chemically combine carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates, a process associated with plants containing chlorophyll.
- metallic bond
- any charged particle where (+) or (-)
- solidification
- a phase change from liquid to solid (freezing)
- Marie Curie
- coined the term radioactivity/discovers radium and polonium.
- buffer
- a solution that is resistant to large changes in pH
- electric power
- the rate at which electrical energy is converted to another form of energy
- electrolytes
- a substance that ionizes or dissociates into ions when it dissolves in water.
- dehydrating agent
- a substance that removes water so the item will stay dry.
- induction
- the transfer of charge without contact between materials
- electric circuits
- complete paths through which electric charge can flow
- solid
- a state of matter with definite shape and volume
- phase change
- the change from one phase to another
- covalent bond
- elements share electrons, doesn't include positive and negative charges
- coherent light
- light of a single wavelength that travels with its crests and troughs aligned in the same direction. light has the same frequency and color
- Florescent light
- emit light by causing a phosphor to steadily emit photons.
- Ernest Rutherford
- discovered the nucleus/describes transmutation/does important work on alpha and gamma rays.
- Alkanes
- single bonds between carbon atoms (C-C)
- Alternating current
- a flow of electric charge that regularly reverses its direction
- Farsightedness
- an eye condition that causes nearby objects to blurry.
- fusion
- a phase change from solid to liquid (melting)
- Series circuit
- an electric circuit with only one path through which charge can flow.
- neutralization
- the reaction between an acid and a base
- Pigment
- a material that selectively absorbs certain colors of light and reflects other colors.
- electric force
- the attraction or repulsion between electrically charged objects
- grounding
- the transfer of excess charge through a conductor to Earth
- buffer
- a solution that is resistant to large changes in pH.
- Monomers
- small organic compounds which are the building blocks of polymers.
- Fuse
- a device that prevents overheating due to current overload in a circuit.
- alloy
- a mixture of 2 elements- one must be a medal (ex. Brass)
- neutron
- 1 0 n
- Resistance
- the opposition tot the flow of electric charges in a material.
- nuclear binding energy
- energy that a nucleus releases in the process of trying to stabilize itself.
- polarized light
- a type of light with waves that vibrate in only one plane
- resistance
- the opposition to the flow of electric charges in a material
- positron
- 0 1 e
- Angle of Reflection
- the angle a light ray makes with the normal after it enters a new medium at an angle.
- fuel used in nuclear fusion
- 1 1 H
- acid
- a compound that produces hydronium ions when dissolved in water
- battery
- a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy
- B+ particle
- 0 1 e