Ch 19 IDs
Terms
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- Marquis de Montcalm
- experienced in war-led French and Canadian forces that fought well and scored major victories until 1758
- Open field system
- system of farming that divided the land to be cultivated by the peasants of a given village into several large fields, which were in turn cut up into long, narrow strips-fields open and not enclosed into small plots by fences or hedges-large field as community-same pattern of plowing, sowing, and harvesting
- Crop rotation
- switching of crops by year so as not to deplete mineral resources in soil-based on resources of soil
- putting-out system
- 2 main participants: merchant capitalist and rural worker-merchant put out (loaned) raw materials to cottage workers, who processed the raw materials in their homes and returned the finished product to the merchant-merchant paid workers and then sold goods
- Cottage industry / domestic industry
- manufacturing with hand tools in peasant cottages and work sheds-manufacturing goods in home instead of in factory
- Treaty of Paris of 1763
- ended 7 Years' War-British victory on all colonial fronts-France lost all of its possessions on the mainland of North America-Canada and all French territory east of the Mississippi River passed to Britain-France ceded Louisiana to Spain as compensation for the loss of Florida-France gave up most of its holdings in India
- Philosophical Dictionary
- began by Voltaire in 1753, and many revised published versions in 1764-a series of essays on topics ranging from Adam to Zoroaster, from certainty to circumcision
- Enclosure movement
- idea to enclose and consolidate holdings into compact, fenced-in fields-idea that a revolution in village life and organization was the necessary price of technological progress
- Navigation Acts
- required that most goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British-owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article
- Mestizos
- offspring of Spanish men and Indian women
- Viscount Charles Townsend
- proposed the idea of crop rotation
- William Pitt
- new chief minister of British forces in North America (1758) during 7 Years' War-grandfather made a fortune in India-with his help they diverted men and money from the war in Europe
- Creoles
- people of Spanish blood born in America
- Olaudah Equiano
- (1745-1797) African who was sold into slavery and bought his way out-kidnapped as a boy (age 11) from his home he was sold into slavery and sold amongst slave traders many times-he served in the Seven Years' War as a captain's boy and was then sold to a slave trader where he went to the Caribbean-from there a white colonist bought him and he eventually bought his way out of slavery-he went to England to live and published a book about slavery and his experiences-his message was widespread and helped to inspire the abolition of slavery
- John Kay
- invented the flying shuttle
- Flying shuttle
- new invention for weaving-enabled the weaver to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand (replaced the loom)
- Adam Smith
- (1723-1790) Scottish professor of philosophy-developed the general idea of freedom of enterprise in foreign trade-wrote Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) which established the basis for modern economics-highly critical of 18th century mercantilism-resulted in economic liberalism
- Jethro Tull
- important English innovator-true son of the early Enlightenment: adopted a critical attitude toward accepted ideas about farming and tried to develop better methods through empirical research-enthusiastic about using horses (rather than oxen-slower) for plowing-advocated sowing seed with drilling equipment (rather than by hand)
- Agricultural revolution
- a time of change in farming tactics in which crop rotation became heavily used