Biology Final Review 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Darwin gave us the idea of:
- evolution
- Evolution
- any change in the frequency of alleles in a gene pool from one generation to the next
- When Darwin did his work, he did realize that evolution was linked to _______.
- inheritance
- Darwin was at a disadvantage because he did not have any knowledge of _______.
- genetics
- Darwin was never able to satisfactorily explain ______.
- how traits are passed to offspring
- Darwin couldn't understand ____.
- the sudden appearance of some traits
- The Austrian monk and mathematics teacher who discovered genetics
- Mendel
- Mendel used _____ to discover genetics.
- garden peas
- Garden peas have __ chromosomes.
- 7
- Independent assortment
- What you get when traits are on separate chromosomes and are not linked. Mendel studied these kinds of traits. Whatever.
- Mendel's experiements with genetics resulted in a __ to __ ratio for each trait.
- 3 to 1
- Mendel published his results in ___.
- 1866.
- Mendel is also credited as the first person to use ____.
- statistical analysis
- Mendel's work in genetics went unappreciated or undiscovered until ___.
- 1900
- Was Mendel alive to see his work accepted?
- No. He had died 16 years earlier.
- True or false: Mendel said that traits were passed from parents through offspring.
- True
- Who worked on corn genetics?
- Barbara McClintock
- Barbara McClintock worked on a phenomenon called ______.
- jumping genes
- What are jumping genes?
- Genes that move from one place to the next, instead of staying fixed on the loci of the chromosome
- Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize for her work on
- jumping genes
- Population
- an interbreeding group or organisms of the species at the same place, at the same time
- In a population, organisms are unified and identified by the _____.
- gene pool
- Gene pool
- the sum total of all the alleles of all the genes of all the individuals in the population
- In terms of the age of the earth, people are in the gene pool for a very ___ period of time
- short
- Evolution works on:
- the extent of variation within organisms
- For evolution to occur, ____ must exist.
- variation
- Artificial selection
- man decides what to breed and what not to (ex: cross-breeding lilies)
- Artificial seletion can show the ___ in offpsring.
- variety
- What is an example of the results of artificial selection?
- Dog breeds
- _______ is selection that is brought on by nature.
- Natural selection
- The ____ organism is selected in natural selection.
- whole
- In artificial selection, humans can _______.
- pick and choose traits
- Four events that change the frequency of alleles:
- mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating
- mutations
- Changes in a gene that occur spontaneously
- True or false: We can predict which genes will mutate.
- False
- True or false: If a mutation makes a dramatic change in the phenotype, then it's generally harmful.
- True
- Name things that can cause mutations.
-
X-rays
Ultraviolet rays
Radioactive compounds
Sprays
Pesticides - Each new human carries __ new mutations.
- 2
- There are 6 billion people in the world, so that makes about __ billion new mutations.
- 12 billion
- gene flow
- the movement of alleles into and out of the population.
- Gene flow does what?
- Introduces new alleles or changes gene frequency
- The Founder Effect
- when a small population breaks off from a larger popuation. It may not be genetically representative of the larger group. It increases in size and becomes a different population.
- Genetic drift
- can change the evolutionary process
- Population bottleneck
- When a population is drastically reduced in numbers by something other than natural selection
- Northern Elephant Seal
- killed off. Almost extinct. Laws passed to protect them. Now numbers in 30,000. Genes are different.
- Polymorphism
- two phenotypically distinct forms coexist in the same ?
- Female choice
- female decides who to mate with
- How do we preserve and promote variety?
- Sexual reproduction
- Diploidy
- a major factor in preserving variablility. It refers to individuals having two sets of chromosomes.
- Ecology
- The study of the interrelationships between organisms and thier physical environment and with each other.
- ___ are the biggest enemies of alligators.
- Alligators.
- An ecologist studies:
- the natural world and anything in it, not necessarily living organisms. They could study water in relation to fish or soil. Study any level of nature.
- Individual level of ecology
- a certain organism
- Population level of ecology
- primary level of study
- Communities
- groups of populations of different species at the same place and time
- Ecosystems
- interactions between all organisms in communities and with their nonliving environment
- Biosphere (ecosphere)
- highest level of study; sum total of al the planet's ecosystems. Thin layer around Earth where organisms live. The whole earth can be called and ecosphere.
- Living components
- biotic
- Nonliving components
- abiotic
- Abiotic factors
- chemical or physical feature of the environment (water, light, temperature, oxygen, substrate)
- Biotic factors
-
all living organisms
plants
bacteria
fungi
animals
algae
man
etc. - Population dynamics
- The number of organisms within any given population
- Only about __ % of sea turtles live to maturity.
- 1%
- properties studied in populations
-
patterns of population growth
patterns of mortality
age structure
density
dispersion
reproductive potential
caring capacity - age structure
- how many people live in each group
- density
- the number of individuals per unit area or volume
- dispersion
- the two- or three-dimensional arrangement of organisms. any level -- up, down, whatever.
- Exponential growth
- when full reproductive material is achieved.
- True or false: Most organisms have high reproductive potential that is usually not achieved.
- true
- Carrying capacity
- the number of people an area can support
- Humans are increasing ___.
- exponentially
- Logistics growth
- gradually starts out and increases, but slows as the object reaches carrying capacity
- Density-independent factors
-
disease
environmental disasters - Density-dependent factors
- availability of food, water, shelter
- Three types of organisms:
-
producers
consumers
decomposers - Herbivores eat:
- plants
- Carnivores eat:
- meat
- Omnivores eat:
- plants and meat
- Organisms are limited by ___.
- Population-dependent factors.
- What are the producers?
- green plants and algae
- Primary consumers are ___.
- Herbivores
- Secondary consumers eat ___ consumers.
- Primary
- Secondary consumers can be __ or __.
- carnivores or omnivores.
- What are the decomposers?
- fungi and bacteria
- Food chain
- a diagram that shows what's eating what at each level in order
- Food web
- interconnected food chains
- Trophic level
- a feeding level
- Energy is passed on at each trophic level, but it ___.
- decreases
- Biomass
- body weight
- Organisms get about __% from feeding on the previous organism.
- 10%
- As we go up the food chain, two things happen:
-
We go from smaller to larger organisms.
More numbers to fewer numbers or organisms.