Kinship Midterm
Terms
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- What is a Facultative Adaptation?
- A trait that is expressed in various ways depending on the conditions. Ex: A -> X; B -> Y
- What is a Obligate Adaptation?
- A trait that expresses always under species-typical conditions.
- Total Social Fact:
- In primitive society, all aspects of culture are interrelated.
- Another word for Total social fact/interrelated parts of culture
- Holism
- According to Lewis Henry Morgan, Henry Maine, and John McLennan, all of politics and economics have an origin in
- Kinship and social organization
- African Descent Model characteristics
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- Genealogical kinship defines membership
- Descent group has a JURAL OR LEGAL IDENTITY that transcends spatial proximity
- Segmentation: lineage fissions take place along natural kinship lines
- Corporate organization: exists in perpetuity with outside
- Nested structure of allegiance: balanced opposition
- Descent is primary role in marriage regulations and incest prohibitions - The fact of being a child of one's particular father or mother (dyadic parental link)
- Filiation
- a genealogical connection between a person and any of his/her ancestors (chain of dyadic parental links)
- Descent
- Barnes critique of African Model
- patrilineal descent is sufficient but not necessary for membership
- Primate origins of Descent Model
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- Group membership through birth
- Kinship based segmentation
- Genealogical boundaries of exogamy
- Unisexual transmission of status
- Primitive corporateness
- Multilevel structure of solidarity - Descent groups have a residential basis and they are the structural correlates of
- sex-biased dispersal patterns
- Three Ultimate Hypotheses for cooperation > residence > descent
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- intergroup competition hypothesis
- intragroup competition hypothesis
- foraging efficiency hypothesis (benefits of co-residence are secondary by-product) - Transition from patrilineal to matrilineal requires
- a change from patrilocal to matrilocal
- Male kin group + pair-bonding >
- exogamy configuration
- A substantial portion of exogamy configuration existed in behavioural regularities before
- Symbolical capacity, institutions, and rules
- The atom of exogamy:
- a kinship bond, a sexual bond, a parental bond (facultative response based on group outbreeding, incest avoidance, kin recognition, kin favoritism, and pair bonding)
- Extra-local group sociality requires
- Male pacification
- Theories for Male pacification
- Decline in feeding competition theory; Females as peacemakers
- After evolution of pair bonds, females could act as connectors of two sets of relatives based on
- Preexisting bonds with natal kin (w/ agnates) and intermediary between natal kin and husband (and his agnates)
- Requirements of supragroup structure
- Nepotism, pair bonding, female dispersal
- In order for females to act as peacemakers what must be low in order to lower the risk
- Sexual dimorphism
- Two routes to female peacemaking
- Consanguinity and Affinity
- Females as peacemakers (Consanguinity)
- After pair-bonding, consanguinity leads to more B-Z dyads and patrilateral kin; B-Z kinship creates bridges between relatives after female dispersal because of the recognition and tolerance of siblings from natal and patrilocal group
- Females as peacemakers (Affinity)
- Sharing a vested interest in the same female is advantageous to the husband for is REPRODUCTIVE INTERESTS and for the brother through INCLUSIVE FITNESS interests
- Why was the quest for the origin of social structure abandoned in the 19th century?
- Previous anthropologists were too ethnocentric and teleological
- 12 Principles of reciprocal exogamy
- multimale-multifemale group, kin-group outbreeding, mating system based on enduring breeding bonds (pair bond), uterine kinship, agnatic kinship, incest avoidance, brother-sister complex, affinal kinship, dual phase residence, structural prerequisites of unilineal descent, matrimonial alliances, and supragroup.
- Multimale-Multifemale Group Composition
- Stable bisexual social groups; characterizes human societies and is common in nonhuman primates, amongst several other compositions
- Kin-Group Outbreeding
- a fraction of group breeds in natal group and other fraction disperses, usually sex-biased, and produces kin groups
- Uterine Kinship
- recognition of kin based on the relationship the mother; mother bear offspring, mother-offspring recognition based on maternal care, and maternal kin groups are widespread in primates
- Incest Avoidance
- avoidance of sexual activity between coresident kin
- Stable Breeding Bonds
- Mating systen of enduring breeding bonds between particular males and females
- Agnatic Kinship
- kin recognition through the father, group wide agnatic kinship structure and particularly original to human societies as well as bilateral kin recognition
- Bilateral Affinity
- recognizing the affines of both spouses
- Supragroup Structure (Tribe)
- more than one local group, all part of a larger social entity,
- Dual-phase residence patterns
- flexibility in human residence patterns, changes in locality from pre and post marital bonds, grew out of philopatry patterns in primates (ex: female dispersal)
- Brother-Sister Kinship Complex
- strengthening of brother-sister bonds; cross cousin marriage, avuncular relationships; precursor to exogamy rules
- Descent
- unilineal, patrilineal, matrilineal, bilineal; fundamental principle of descent group exogamy
- Matrimonial Alliances
- further refinement of human exogamy, alliances between kin groups hinged on reciprocal exchange of women or exchange of women for material goods
- Two cognitive mechanisms in Uterine Kinship
- Mother is a proximate mediator, phenotypic matching of relationship characteristics
- 3 factors affecting kinship in primates
- Sex, Generation, Genealogical distance
- Culturalist perspectives on kinship
- genealogy and the domain of kinship are unrelated, transmission of rights didnt have anything to do with sex or genealogical status
- Sociobiological perspectives on kinship
- Inclusive fitness theory (b/r > c), sorroral polygyny and the levirate
- Ancestral Male Kin Group Hypothesis
- male philopatric groups and female dispersal later evolving stable breeding bonds
- Polygynous harem hypothesis (Gorilla model)
- stable breeding bones in unimale, multifemale group, later amalgamation of these units through increased tolerance of male offspring
- 4 reasons for the patrilineal-patrilocal band
- Innate male dominance, men important in hunting culture, men remaining in a country of familiarity, intragroup competition over scarce hunting territories
- Who is associated with the Patrilocal Band Model
- Julian steward and G.P. Murdock
- Elman Service showed that ______ residence is predominant in extant hunter-gatherers
- Bilateral
- Levi-Strauss said that ______ ______ is a core organizational principle of human society
- Reciprocal Exogamy
- Alliance Theory Assumptions
- Primitive world forced alliances, men had natural inclination to incest, exchange of daughters and sisters was efficient for alliance building
- Criteria for Phylogenetic Decomposition
- Smallest number of components to generate system, each block is autonomous, each component is a functional subsystem.
- Leslie White thought origin of marriage was dependent on
- symbolic thought
- Elman Service saw the unique character of Exogamy in
- pacifying intergroup relations
- Chapais' phylogenetic approach to pair-bonding
- stable breeding bonds have biological basis, cost of maternity is high in humans, pair bonds function as parental collaboration, evolved as mate-guarding strategy, by-products of other adaptations lead to sexual division of labor
- Multistep sequence of evolution for the sexual division of labor
- (Bipedalism + predation > gathering) -> (Gathering + pair-bonding > intrafamilial coprovisioning) > Intrafamilial coprovisioning + male hunting bias > proto-sexual division of labor
- Conditions for paternity recognition
- mother maintains preferential bonds with father after birth allows offspring to recognize the exclusivity of the mother-father bond
- Shared developmental familiarity strong when
- interbirth interval is lower