Animal Science Final

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In the US what percentage of land is devoted to pasture and range?: ~30%
what are the three primary types of livestock digestive systems?: 1. Monogastric(one stomach)swine and poultry

2. Pseudo-ruminants (horses)
3. Poly-gastric (more than one stomach)ruminants, cows, sheep, and goats.
what are some of the common Horse breeds developed in the US?: Quarter horse
Morgan
Standard bred
Tennessee walking horse
"color Breeds"
palomino
Appaloosa
Paint
The puberty of a horse... What is the Estrus cycle?: Beginning at approx. 12-15 months
The puberty of a horse... what is the age for first breeding?: 2 yrs old
Puberty in horses.. most mares breed to the ages of____yrs: 14-16 yrs
The estrus cycle... what are the best months for ovulation?: April-Sept.
The Estrus cycle for a horse is between____--____days: 21-23 days
For horse the variable ovulation months are?: Sept-Nov
Feb-April
what is the definition of a barrow?: A castrated male pig
what is the definition of a intact male pig?: Boar
what is Docking?: Tail removing
what is the definition of Farrow?: give birth to piglets (partition)
what is the definition of fecundity?: The ability to produce many offspring.
what is the definition of a feeder pig?: age and weight of a pig ready for finishing.
what is a gilt?: it is a young female pig before first farrowing.
what is the definition of porcine?: Pertaining to swine
what is the definition of a sow?: Female after giving birth to first liter.
Domestic Pigs trace to...: Southeast Asian Pig
Domestic Pigs originated in which country...: Southeast Asia
True or False domestic pigs can easily revert to a feral state?: True
The origin of Native American Pigs are...: Razorbacks, Peccary, and Javalina.
what are some positive aspects of swine production?: hogs are good self feeders
Easy to start small operations
Higher dressing %
Price spread less that beef cattle
excellent converters of poor quality of feed.
what country eats the most pork?: Dennark
what are the types of swine operations?: Feeder-Pig production
Feeder pig to finish
Farrow to finish
seed-stock
which has greater fecundity---Pigs or Cattle?: Pigs
Breeding (pigs) when is the Gilts first heat?: 4-5 months
Breeding (pigs)when are pigs typically bred?: in the 3rd heat
Breeding (pigs) when are pigs first bred?: 7-8 months
Breeding(pigs)when are piglets born?: 11-12 months
Is Linoleic and essential acid?: Yes indeed it is! its an omega-3 fatty acid
what are the two types of minerals?: Macro and Micro

Macro > 100ppm Micro < 100ppm
What are some Macro minerals?: Ca, P, and Mg

Ca-P must be in proper ratio
P-energy metabolism
Mg-Enzyme co-factor

Na, K, Cl

Na- Outside to inside cell,lymph,blood extracellular

K-inside cells

Cl-HCl in gut for digestion
what are some Micro minerals?: Catalysts for enzymes

some important minerals

Mn-Perosis
Zn- bone, fur, and feathers
Se- Musle Function
I-Thyroid Function (goiter)
what is the definition of Vitamins?: A diverse group of compounds...its and organic compound.

It is usually not synthesized
and small amounts needed
not structural member
how many vitamins are required by monogastrics?: 13 required
what are the two classes of vitamins?: 1. Fat Soluble-A,D,E,K

2. Water soluble- B-complex

B1 thaimin, B2 Riboflavin, Nicothinio (Niacin), B6 Pyridoxine, Pantotheric acid, Biotin, Folicin, Folic acid, B12 choline.
Reproduction strategies what are the two types of reproduction?: 1 Asexual Production-Budding splitting off division not typical in livestock, plants lower animal life

2. Sexual- requires male and female contribution
what is the definition of Segregation in terms of genetics..: Each trait has two possibilities which pass to offspring in a random but predictable way.
what is the definition of Independent Assortment in terms of genetics?: Different traits pass to offspring without regard any other trait.
is an animal physical size related to the number of chromosomes it contains?: NO!!

horse >human >Mouse
what organism did Mendel used to determine the genetic laws?: Peas!
where is the cite of sperm deposition in swine?: cervix
where is the sperm deposition in a Horse?: Uterus
what is the shape of the cervis in Ruminants and swine?: annular rings
what is the shape of the cervix of horses and humans?: Folds(finger like protection)
what are the different uterus types?: Simplex
Bipartiate
Bicornuate
Duplex
what does the Simplex uterus type contain?: Uterus contains a body and no horns
what does the Bipartite uterus contain? And what are some species that have a Bipartite uterus?: uterus contain body and horns sometimes confused with Bicornate.

Examples of Bipartite Uterus:
Ruminants, Horses, Dogs, Cats
what does the Bicornate type contain?: Uterus contains horns, no body
What does the Duplex uterus contain?: Uterus contains no body and two cervix
what is the function of the cervix?: Closing structure of the uterus
Males contain two cell types in the micro tubules what are they?: Sperm cells

sertoli cells
The Natureal weaning of beef calves usually occurs at about___months: 7 months
During reproduction fertility typically occurs in which area of the female?: Oviduct
when was the "golden age" of the horse?: 1890-1920
what terms refers to a castrated horse?: Gelding.
How long does a typical milking session take for the average dairy cow?: 3-6 minutes
which swine body type is closet to the wild type?: Lard type.
what is the term used for a your female pig prior to its first parturition?: Gilt
Most pigs in the US are produced on farms of what size?: very large farms >5000
Most of the non-cow milk producted in the US is used for what produced?: Cheese
what are major ingredients in typical commercial poultry feed?: Corn and Soybean
what are the enviromental condition is stimulatory for chickens to lay eggs?: Long days
the process ensured that the cream fracton did not separate from the mile after processing is _____: Homogenization
In the testes, sperm cells develop....: in a series of tubuals
what uterine type does not have horns?: Simplex
what types of animals are the primary interest when studying Animal Science?: Livestock and Poultry
which species of producion animals is produced in the largest numbers?: Chickens
which country is the largest producer of sheep?: Australia
what is Mohair?: Goat hair used for fabric
The wool of what breed of sheep is considered to be the best?: Merino
The genetic code is a system where triplets of nucleotides that position other compounds into the correct sequence so they can become functional what are these compounds?: Amino Acids
Who was the first to understand the science of genetics?: Gregor Mendel
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the science of genetics?: The unit of heredity is the gene
what is the primary product that uses sheep milk?: Cheese
what time of the year would estrus cycling begin in sheep?: Fall
what is the gestation period of and ewe?: about 5 months
When an animal accidentally ingests shards of barb wire this is called...: Hardware Disease
In a Ruminant what are the four stomachs, and which is called the "true stomach"?: Rumen
Reticulum
Omansum
Abomasum

Abomasum is considered the true stomach.
Inside the rumen there are three different kinds of organisms what are they?: Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
how many different species of bacteria are in the rumen?: >200 species

99.5% obligate anaerobes
what microbe has been recently discovered inside the rumen of a ruminant?: Fungi and has only been known for ~20 yrs.
what are the classes of ingredients?: concentrates and Roughages
what classifies a concentrate?: Seeds of plants

High energy
Low fiber
High digestibility
high density
lots of nutrients
what classifies roughages?: Leaves and stems

Moderate energy
High fiber
low digestibility
what is the primary source of energy?: Carbohydrates
what are the three forms of Carbohydrates?: Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides
what do animals use to break down monosaccharides?: Saliva---Amylase
what nutrient class provide the highest energy per gram?: Fats
Digestion of carbs results in what compound that is absorbed in the small intestine?: Monosaccarides
what is the primary energy source in livestock and poultry diets?: Carbs
fat is glycerol bound to fatty acids: ...yes!
Animal science=???: Animal production
what is the definition of reproduction?: the method of an organism to replace itself
what is cryptorchidism?: non descended testis
infertile male
what is an autosome?: a non sex-chromosome
what is the definition of Locus?: gene site on the chromosome.
what is the definition of Alleles?: forms of a gene that can occupy a locus
what are some allelic interactions?: Complete dominance
Co-Dominance
Incomplete dominance
what are the best ovulation months for a horse?: April-Sept
what are the poorest ovulation months for a horse?: Nov-April
where did the original domestication of the horse occur?: central Asia, Mongolia
where did the Indian tribes of the North American West get their horses?: Feral horse brought from Spain b the Spanish explorers.
what is the "let-down" reflex in cows?: a hormonal response caused b washing and drying the udder prior to milking.
What is the definition of Mitosis?!: The process of somatic cell division.
what is the definition of Meiosis?: The process that forms sex cells. Cells formed through meiosis have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cells.
Examples of saturated fats, what defines saturated fat?: Animal Fat
Coconut Oil
Palm Oil

what defines saturated fat? Solid at room temp.
what is the definition of fat? what are the examples?: Liquid at room temp.

corn oil
soybean oil
vegetable oil
how are fats digested?: Bile from the liver

Lipase from pancreas
protien is the energy- The "FIRE" to run the body!: ... yeeas
what are the two ways to calculate protein?: Crude Protein

Amino Acids
what does Vitamin A do?: helps with vision
low or lacking vitamins in diet results in?: Poor Production
Poor Health
Mucus membrane problems
animal low or lacking in vitamin D results what issue?: Ricketts
what does Vitamin D do for livestock?: helps with the absorption and deposition of Ca
What purpose does vitamin E do?: Nervous and Muscular maintance
what results from having a vitamin E deficiency?: encephalopathy
Exudativediathesis
Muscular dystrophy
what does Vitamin K do for the body?: Blood Clotting

A few weeks before docking is given
what vitamin is lowest in grains?: Riboflavin--B2
what vitamin is most in grains?: B12 growth
Most species the site of sperm deposition is....: the Vagina
what are steroids?: ovary

any of a large group of fat-soluble organic compounds, as the sterols, bile acids, and sex hormones, most of which have specific physiological action.
what is an ectopic pregnancy?: implanted in the wrong place and damage will occur
what are the two primary function of the ovary?: ovum (egg cells) and

Hormones (estrogen, Progesterone)
what does estrogen affect?: the whole system
what is a vasectomy?: sever only the vas deferns
what is cremaster muscle?: quick movement of testis "fight or flight"
what is panagenesis?: sperm and egg all parts of the bod each giving its own traits.
what is preformationism?: completely formed miniature individual inside sperm and egg cells
what is Germplasm?: sex cells are fundamentally different that body cells--somatoplasm
Do chromosomes occur in pairs?: yeah swine have 19 actually
Livestock are genetically diploid: ...yuppers!
what Phase in Mitosis does most of cell life happen?: Interphase

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Created By snethena