The Spectrum Chemistry - Bold Words
Terms
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- Scientific notation (p. 16)
- a convenient shorthand for expressing such numbers as powers of 10
- metric system (p. 16)
- this involves a series of standard units and uses factor-of-ten prefixes to express larger or smaller quantities.
- periodic table of the elements (p. 8)
- an orderly arrangement of the elements' symbols
- Compounds (p. 9)
- substances that contain two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions by mass
- Law of Definite Composition (p. 9)
- A specific compound is comprised of a specific proportion (by mass) of elements
- Law of Multiply Proportions (p. 9)
- A particular set of elements can combine in defferent ratios to produce different compounds
- molecule (p. 10)
- the most fundamental uncharged unit of a compound
- Accuracy (p. 12)
- the extent to which a measurement gives a true value of the quantity being measured
- Chemistry (p. 2)
- the study of the composition and structure of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
- three basic sciences (or pure sciences) (p. 3)
- physics, chemistry, and biology
- applied sciences (p. 3)
- other sciences including geology, astronomy, medicine, environmiental science, etc.
- Physics (p. 3)
- the simplest (most fundamental) of all sciences; in physics you learn about the basic forces of nature, energy, and matter
- elements (p. 8)
- fundamental substances which cannot be broken down into simpler ones by ordinary physical or chemical means
- International System of units (p. 17)
- a select group of units that have been adopted by a scientific body to provide a standard for reporting in familiar units; also called SI units or mks (meter-kilogram-second) system
- gram (g) (p. 17)
- the unit of mass
- mass (p. 17)
- a measure of an amount of matter
- weight (p. 17)
- a measure of the influence of gravity on that matter
- The units that are used most frequently for measuring length, volume, and temperature (p. 17)
- meter (m), centimeter (cm), millimeter (mm), nanometer (nm); liter (L), millileter (mL), cubic centimeter (cm³); Kelvin (K), Celsius (°C), and sometimes Fahreheit (°F)
- absolute zero (p. 17)
- the coldest temperature theoretically attainable, and the point at which all particle motion stops
- biochemicals (p. 4)
- large molecules used by "living" things
- diatomic elements (p. 11)
-
molecules that appeared in nature with 2 atoms of the same elements instead of 2 or more atoms of 2 or more different elements (which are normally compounds except in this case); there are only 7 of them and they are:
1) hydrogen
2) nitrogen
3) oxygen
4) fluorine
5) chlorine
6) bromine
7) iodine - unit factor method (p. 19)
- a method used in problem solving;also sometimes called the factor-label method; it gets this name from the fact that the necessary mathematical transformations are accomplished through the use of "units"
- Density (p. 24)
- mass per unit volume; in other words: a ratio of the amount of a material (i.e., its mass) to the volume occupied by that amount of material.
- (p. 28)a solid may be crystalline:
- a solid's molecules may exist in regular, repeating, geometric crystalline solids
- amorphous (p. 28)
- when a solid does not exist in a regular geometric pattern it is called this.
- gas (p. 28)
- state of matter that has no definite volume or shape
- liquid (p. 28)
- state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape
- matter (p. 28)
- anything that has mass and occupies space.
- solid matter (p. 28)
- this state has a definite shape and a definaite volume
- states of matter (p. 28)
- what matter exists in; there are three which are: solid, liquid, and gas
- mixture (p. 29)
- when two or more substances are mixed, but not chemically combined
- homogeneous (p. 29)
- when a mixture is uniform in appearance and possesses the same physical and chemical properties throughout.
- solution (p. 29)
- when a mixture is homogeneous on the atomic or molecular scale.
- metal alloys
- hormogeneous mixtures of atoms of metallic elements
- heterogeneous (p. 29)
- when a mixture lacks homogeneity
- phase (p. 29)
- that portion of a mixture having separate physical/chemical properties from other portions.
- interface (p. 29)
- a physical boundary that separates one phase from another