APUSH Unit 4 IDS

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Henry Clay: A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.
Cumberland Road: The road was the first interstate highway, and the only one entirely paid for by federal funds. It ran from Maryland to Illinois and helped with the westward movement.
Force Bill: The bill authorized President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to execute laws. The bill was furthered the power of the presidency.
Rush-Bagot Treaty: The Treaty demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained, and laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the US and British North America. This agreement was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Britain during this time period following the end of the War of 1812
John C. Calhoun: He was a senator for South Carolina that was at first a supporter of the Tariff of 1816 but switched sides later on. He claimed that it was a pro-Northerner act that would not build up the self-sufficiency of the economy. He was an example of the sectionalism between North and South.
Indian Removal Act: An act that granted the ability to negotiate land-exchange treaties to the federal government. Part of the Indian Removal policy of the government. This allowed the movement of the Indians which granted new land in the south.
Denmark Vesey Revolt: A failed revolt by Denmark Vesey to steal arms and lead slaves to freedom. It failed due to loyal slaves. The revolt scarred the South, and made them even more coercive on the manners of slavery
Corrupt Bargain: An event during the 1824 presidential election where Henry Clay did behind the scenes work in order to secure the victory of John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson. This enraged Jackson supporters, and would help him win in 1828.
James Monroe: He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars.
War Hawks: These were mostly young Republicans who had been imbued with the ideals of the American Revolution as youths, who wanted to take Canada and Florida and deal with the Indian problem. They held a majority in Congress, and were responsible for declaring war in 1812
Yazoo Land Claims: Fraud perpetrated by several Georgia governors and the state legislature from 1795 to 1803 by selling large tracts of land to insiders at low prices. The lands were to be the states of Alabama and Mississippi later on and it was the first state law repealed by the Supreme Court.
Missouri Compromise: This was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States, The South won Missouri as a slave state, and the North won Maine and the right to forbid slavery in the remaining territories. It showed that compromise again prevented break up.
Treaty of Ghent: It was the treaty that ended the War of 1812 by declaring an armistice between the two warring countries. The treaty in essence, declared the war as a draw; however, the treaty proved to be popular since nothing was lost.
Democracy in America: classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville on the United States in the 1830s and its strengths and weaknesses such as the tyranny of the majority. It explained why republicanism succeeded in the U.S. and failed elsewhere.
Webster-Hayne Debate: It was an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation. The debate cemented the image of Daniel Webster, as a legendary defender of Constitution and Union
Loco Focos: Redical faction of the Democratic Party that existed from 1835 until the mid 1840s. In general, Locofocos supported Andrew Jackson and Van Buren, and were for free trade, greater circulation of specie, legal protections for labor unions and against paper money, financial speculation, and state banks.
Robert Livingston: He was the U.S. Minister to France from 1801 to 1804. He negotiated the purchase of the Louisiana Territory.
Battle of New Orleans: A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.
Hartford Convention: Gathering of Federalists in New England whose purpose was to discuss their grievances and to seek redress for their wrongs. Was the death of the Federalist Party.
Erie Canal: It is a canal in New York State, United States, that runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. It cut transport costs into what was then wilderness by about 90%. The Canal resulted in a massive population surge in western New York, and opened regions further west to increased settlement.
Independent Treasury System: The act removed the federal government from involvement with the nation's banking system by establishing federal depositories for public funds instead of keeping the money in national, state, or private banks. This was the system the government adopted until the federal reserve act of 1910.
Dartmouth v. Woodward: This was a Supreme Court case dealing with the impairment of contracts. It strengthened the Contract Clause and limiting the power of the States to interfere with private institutions' charters. The decision protected contracts against specifically state encroachments.
Embargo Act: Act that forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of the warring nations of France and Britain. The act slowed the economy of New England and the south. The act was seen as one of many precursors to war.
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge: Dispute over the toll bridge of Charles River and the free bridge of Warren. The court ruled in favor of Warren. Reversed Dartmouth College v. Woodward; property rights can be overridden by public need
John Quincy Adams: Sixth president of the United States. He was in favor of funding national research and he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. During his presidency the National Republicans were formed in support of him.
Chesapeake-Leopard Incident: An incident where the Leopard, a British warship, demanded the surrender for 4 deserters on the Chesapeake. It refused, and the Leopard fired upon the ship. This escalated the tensions between the two nations, and directly caused the Embargo Act of 1807 and was an ingredient to the War of 1812.
Waltham Method: Set of unique production methods used at Lowell's Mills. It is purported to increase efficiency, productivity and profits in ways different from other methods, which gave America a help in industrializing.
Frances C. Lowell: American business man who started Boston Manufacturing Company. A fore-runner to future American industrialists and pioneered the employment of women, which started the Lowell system of hiring young unmarried women.
Maysville Road Veto: A veto by Jackson that prevented the Maysville road from being funded by federal money since it only benefited Kentucky. This was a blow to Clay's American System, and it irritated the West.
Era of Good Feelings: This phrase was coined by a Boston newspaper that was commonly associated with the administration of James Monroe. It represented a time of a sense of nationalism in the country, as well as a sober executive.
Albert Gallatin: American politician and Secretary of State. He balanced the budget which made the Louisiana Purchase possible.
Whig Party: A political party that lasted from 1834 to 1860, formed to oppose the policies of President Andrew Jackson. The creation of the party signified the end of one party rule.
Peggy O'Neal-Eaton Affair: A clash between Peggy, wife of Secretary of War Eaton, with other ladies of the cabinet due to her low-class background. Her received treatment angered Jackson, and since Calhoun was one of them, it greatly hampered his relationship with Jackson.
Mercy Otis Warren: New England woman who wrote many works, including a history of the Revolution and plays. America's first female playwrite.
Martin Van Buren: He was the eighth president of the United States who was experienced in legislative and administrative life. He passed the Divorce Bill which placed the federal surplus in vaults located in large cities and denied the backing system.
Daniel Webster: Famous American politician and orator. Webster advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong Union.
Panic of 1837: As a result of Jackson's economic policies, the United States went through another depression. It resulted in the closure of many banks and record unemployment levels.
McCulloch v. Maryland: This was a judicial case that involved an attempt by Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing tax on the notes. John Marshall ruled in favor of the Bank, which was a blow to state rights, and an increase in power of loose interpretation.
Judiciary Act: Act was an effort by the lame duck Federalist majority in Congress to prolong its control of the federal judiciary before the end of John Adams' term. It showed that the Federalists were waning in power.
Adams-Onis Treaty: A historic agreement between the United States and Spain that settled a border dispute in North America between the two nations. settled a boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Texas and firmly established the boundary of U.S. territory to the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It also had the effect of ending the first and paving the way for the second of the Seminole Wars in Florida.
Panic of 1819: This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, backrushes, bank failures, unemployment and soup kitchens. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.
Thomas W. Dorr: He was a U.S. lawyer and political figure who drafted a liberal constitution for Rhode Island which was passed by popular referendum. Prior to this only landowners could vote, which was becoming a problem with increasing migration to cities. This signaled the problem with the property requirement for voting.
Tallmadge Amendment: This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.
Tariff of Abominations: The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings.
Nicholas Biddle: He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States. He was also known for his bribes. He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank.
South Carolina Exposition & Protest: Written by John C. Calhoun, protest against the Tariff of 1828. It promoted the nullification theory. This was another example of the rising tension between the North and South and foreshadowed secession.
Gibbons v. Ogden: A case that arose from an attempt by New York State to grant a monopoly of steamboat operation between New York and New Jersey. Ogden was licensed to operate the ferry and argued that navigation commerce was a state regulated thing, but Gibbons had his own ferry business incensed by a statue enacted by congress. The court disagreed with Ogden claiming that Congress had as much power over commerce as navigation. This established a broad interpretation of the constitution.
Non-Intercourse Act: Replaced the Embargo Act- reopened trade with the world except with France and Britain. Like its predecessor, it was ineffective and a precursor to war.
Indian Intercourse Act: These were several acts passed by the United States Congress regulating commerce between American Indians and non-Indians and restricting travel by non-Indians onto Indian land.It regulated relations between Indians living on Indian land and non-Indians, this final act identified an area known as "Indian country".
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: Court refused to hear case of the Cherokees, which they brought forward, because Georgia had abolished their tribal legislature and courts. This showed that the Cherokee's position was on their shoulders, and it was a precursor to Worcester v. Georgia
Tariff of 1816: The tariff raised import duties 25%. It lessened the flood of imports, protected domestic industry, and prevented an economic crisis.
Compromise Tariff of 1833: It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816. This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.
Marbury v. Madison: A court case that came from a dispute between Marbury and Madison where Madison refused to sign Marbury's appointment. It established the basis for the exercise of judicial review and made the judicary branch equal in power.
Orders-in-Council: Set of several trade regulations which established a blockade of part of the continent of Europe and prohibited trade with France. Escalated tensions between Britain and America.
Aaron Burr: Republican candidate who recieved the same number of votes as Jefferson since they ran together, which threw the election to the House. This caused an ammendment to be added to that states the Vice President and President be voted for seperately.
Roger B. Taney: The fifth Chief Justice. Taney and the other justices appointed by Jackson favored the power of the states. The Taney Court, among other things, overturned some of Marshall's court decisions (Dartmouth, state banks, etc.)
American System: Created by Henry Clay, 3 main points: a protective tariff, a national bank, and internal improvements. This would eventually help America industrialize.
Louisiana Purchase: United States acquisition of more than 529,911,680 acres of territory from France in 1803. This greatly increased the size, power, and wealth of the U.S.

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