History Ch. 6 Test Review
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- Who were the Patriots?
- Americans who supported the war
- Give the advantages that the British had over the Patriots.
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-Had the strongest navy in the world & experienced, well-trained army
-Wealth of an empire
-Larger population - Give the advantages and disadvantages that the Patriots had.
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-Patriots were fighting on their own land
-Very determined to win [while British hired mercenaries]
-George Washington lead the Patriots
-Patriots lacked regular army w/military experience & strong navy
-Weapons & ammunition in short supply
-Not all Americans supported war - Who were the Loyalists?
- Americans who remained loyal to the British and opposed the war for independence.
- What were some slaves offered during the war?
- Slaves who fought on the British side would be freed
- Who was Nathan Hale and what were his famous words?
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-A Patriot who disguised himself as a Dutch teach and spyed on British troops.
-"I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." - What was the effect of THE CRISIS which was written by Thomas Paine?
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-Paine's words in THE CRISIS encouraged colonists & inspired them to fight.
-Washington read it to the soldiers - How were African Americans used during the war?
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-Enlisted in Continental Army
-Washington favored using slaves as soldiers
-Most states enlisted 5000 African Americans [against opposition]
-Rhode Island had an all-African regiment - Tell about the American victory at Trenton.
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-Washington lead his troop on Christmas night 1776, surprised the British troops at Trenton
-Captured 900 Hessians at Trenton
-FIRST AMERICAN VICTORY - What happened at the Battle of Saratoga?
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-British planned a three-pronged attack w/ General Burgoyne w/8000 people south from Canada, second force move east from Lake Ontario, third force meet at Albany and destroy Washington's troops
-Green Mountain Boys defeated Burgoyne's army
-Battle of Saratoga: General Burgoyne expected to find his two other troops, but they were stopped or still traveling
-Patriot army about three times as large as his own attacked
-British lost --> Burgoyne surrendered
-MARKED A TURNING POINT IN WAR - Why was the American victory at Saratoga important?
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-Marked a turning point in war
-Lead to trade agreement and alliance
-European nations [especially France] realized that America might actually win the war - What did France, Spain, and the Netherlands each do to help the Americans?
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-France: provided money, equipment, and troops
-Spain: Supplies and captured five Britsh forts in Mississippi valley
-Netherlands: Sent money
-Spain & Netherlands both declared war on Britain - Describe the conditions at Valley Forge for Washington and his troops during the winter of 1776.
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-Winter of terrible suffering
-Lacked decent food, clothing, shelter
-Many men deserted - Who was Marquis de Lafayette?
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-French nobleman who was filled with enthusiasm for ideas expressed in Declaration of Independence.
-Trusted aid to Washington - Who was Friedrich Von Steuben?
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-Former army officer from Germany who drilled the Patriot troops and taught them military discipline.
-Turned Continental Army into more effective fighting force - How did the Americans pay for the war, what did it lead to, and what did Congress do as a result?
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-Congress printed millions of dollars of paper money
-Lead to inflation
-Stopped issuing paper money - Describe what it was like to be a loyalist in America during the war.
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-Shunned by neighbors
-Victims of mob violence
-Loyalists who actively helped the British could be arrested and tried as traitors
-Executed a few Loyalists, but that was unusual - Tell about some of the attempts to rid the colonies of slavery.
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-Boston town meeting had voted to condemn slavery
-Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachussetts, and Pennsylvania all attempted to end slavery - Explain why more Native Americans sided with the British.
- -British seemed less of threat because Americans continued to push westward
- Why did more Native Americans side with the British than with the Patriots?
- -British seemed less of threat, because Americans continued to push westward, threatening the Native American way of life
- Who was Henry Hamilton and why was he called the "hair buyer"?
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-Commanded main British base in Detroit
-Paid Native Americans for scalps of settlers - Who was George Rogers Clark and what did he set out to do in 1778?
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-Colonel in Virginia militia
-Set out to end the British attacks on Western settlers - How was the American position finally strengthened in the West?
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-Clark and his troop forced Hamilton and British to surrender
-Strengthened American's position - What was the purpose of the British Blockade?
- -Prevent supplies and reinforcements from reaching the Continental Army
- What were privateers, and what were they authorized to do?
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-Privately owned merchant ships equipped with weapons
-Authorized to attack enemy shipping - Who was John Paul Jones?
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-Owned a ship called Bonhomme Richard [given by Benjamin Franklin]
-American naval officer who raided British ports
-Defeated Serapis, but his own ship sunk
-"I have not yet begun to fight." - What was the strategy the British used in 1778 for finishing the war and bring the colonies back into the empire?
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-Concentrated their offensive in the South, where there were more Loyalists
-Hoped to use British sea power and supposrt to win decisive victories in Southern states - What happened to the American army at Charleston, S.C. in 1780?
- -Worst American defeat
- What was guerilla warfare, and who was Francis Marion?
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-Technique that caught enemies off-guard
-Francis Marion was known as the Swamp Fox
-Also a guerilla leader in South Carolina - Who was Nathanael Greene and what did he accomplish in the South in 1781?
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-Won Battle of Cowpens
-Inflicted heavy damage on British - What did General Cornwallis do in April of 1781, and where did he go?
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-Retreatd north to Virginia
-Troops carried out saids, nearly capturing Governor Thomas Jefferson and Virginia Legistature - Why did Washington change his plans in 1781?
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-Knew that Admiral Francois de Grasse was heading toward Chesapeake Bay instead of New York
-Decided to advance on Yorktown instead - What were the three groups that would meet at Yorktown?
- -Anthony Wayne's troops, Washington's troops, French fleet under Admiral de Grasse
- What happened on October 19th, 1781?
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-Cornwallis surrendered
-PATRIOTS WON - What did King George III decide as a result of the American victory at Yorktown?
- -Appointed new ministers who were prepared to give America independence
- Who were the American representatives at the Treaty of Paris?
- Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, John Adams
- What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris?
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-Britain officially recognized America as an independent country
-Northern boundary: Great Lakes/Canada
-Southern boundary: 31 degrees north - Spanish Florida
-Western boundary: Mississippi River
-Spain got Florida back plus southern parts of Alabama and Mississppi
-Britain would remove its armies with spped
-America promised not to seize property from Loyalists
-Congress would urge states to give back Loyalist properties seized during the war [most was never returned]
-America agreed that British merchants could collect prewar debts owed by Americans
-Britain gave America the right to fish in waters off coast of Canada - Why did the Americans win the war?
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-Americans fought on their own land, while British had bring troop and supplies across the Atlantic
-British depended on support from the sea --> ships were blocked, cut off from supplies and reinforcements
-British sucessfully occupied American cities, but had difficuly controlling the countryside
-Americans knew the land and were able the fight using guerrilla tactics that the British had difficulty defending against
-America received help from other nations [FRANCE: $, supplies, troops SPAIN: supplies and attacked British in Mississippi Valley NETHERLANDS: $]
-Washington's leadership skills played critical role in American victory
-American Revolution was a people's movement. Outcome depended on determination and spirit of Patriots