History Ch. 6 Test Review

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Who were the Patriots?: Americans who supported the war
Give the advantages that the British had over the Patriots.: -Had the strongest navy in the world & experienced, well-trained army
-Wealth of an empire
-Larger population
Give the advantages and disadvantages that the Patriots had.: -Patriots were fighting on their own land
-Very determined to win [while British hired mercenaries]
-George Washington lead the Patriots

-Patriots lacked regular army w/military experience & strong navy
-Weapons & ammunition in short supply
-Not all Americans supported war
Who were the Loyalists?: Americans who remained loyal to the British and opposed the war for independence.
What were some slaves offered during the war?: Slaves who fought on the British side would be freed
Who was Nathan Hale and what were his famous words?: -A Patriot who disguised himself as a Dutch teach and spyed on British troops.
-"I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."
What was the effect of THE CRISIS which was written by Thomas Paine?: -Paine's words in THE CRISIS encouraged colonists & inspired them to fight.
-Washington read it to the soldiers
How were African Americans used during the war?: -Enlisted in Continental Army
-Washington favored using slaves as soldiers
-Most states enlisted 5000 African Americans [against opposition]
-Rhode Island had an all-African regiment
Tell about the American victory at Trenton.: -Washington lead his troop on Christmas night 1776, surprised the British troops at Trenton
-Captured 900 Hessians at Trenton
-FIRST AMERICAN VICTORY
What happened at the Battle of Saratoga?: -British planned a three-pronged attack w/ General Burgoyne w/8000 people south from Canada, second force move east from Lake Ontario, third force meet at Albany and destroy Washington's troops
-Green Mountain Boys defeated Burgoyne's army
-Battle of Saratoga: General Burgoyne expected to find his two other troops, but they were stopped or still traveling
-Patriot army about three times as large as his own attacked
-British lost --> Burgoyne surrendered
-MARKED A TURNING POINT IN WAR
Why was the American victory at Saratoga important?: -Marked a turning point in war
-Lead to trade agreement and alliance
-European nations [especially France] realized that America might actually win the war
What did France, Spain, and the Netherlands each do to help the Americans?: -France: provided money, equipment, and troops
-Spain: Supplies and captured five Britsh forts in Mississippi valley
-Netherlands: Sent money
-Spain & Netherlands both declared war on Britain
Describe the conditions at Valley Forge for Washington and his troops during the winter of 1776.: -Winter of terrible suffering
-Lacked decent food, clothing, shelter
-Many men deserted
Who was Marquis de Lafayette?: -French nobleman who was filled with enthusiasm for ideas expressed in Declaration of Independence.
-Trusted aid to Washington
Who was Friedrich Von Steuben?: -Former army officer from Germany who drilled the Patriot troops and taught them military discipline.
-Turned Continental Army into more effective fighting force
How did the Americans pay for the war, what did it lead to, and what did Congress do as a result?: -Congress printed millions of dollars of paper money
-Lead to inflation
-Stopped issuing paper money
Describe what it was like to be a loyalist in America during the war.: -Shunned by neighbors
-Victims of mob violence
-Loyalists who actively helped the British could be arrested and tried as traitors
-Executed a few Loyalists, but that was unusual
Tell about some of the attempts to rid the colonies of slavery.: -Boston town meeting had voted to condemn slavery
-Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachussetts, and Pennsylvania all attempted to end slavery
Explain why more Native Americans sided with the British.: -British seemed less of threat because Americans continued to push westward
Why did more Native Americans side with the British than with the Patriots?: -British seemed less of threat, because Americans continued to push westward, threatening the Native American way of life
Who was Henry Hamilton and why was he called the "hair buyer"?: -Commanded main British base in Detroit
-Paid Native Americans for scalps of settlers
Who was George Rogers Clark and what did he set out to do in 1778?: -Colonel in Virginia militia
-Set out to end the British attacks on Western settlers
How was the American position finally strengthened in the West?: -Clark and his troop forced Hamilton and British to surrender
-Strengthened American's position
What was the purpose of the British Blockade?: -Prevent supplies and reinforcements from reaching the Continental Army
What were privateers, and what were they authorized to do?: -Privately owned merchant ships equipped with weapons
-Authorized to attack enemy shipping
Who was John Paul Jones?: -Owned a ship called Bonhomme Richard [given by Benjamin Franklin]
-American naval officer who raided British ports
-Defeated Serapis, but his own ship sunk
-"I have not yet begun to fight."
What was the strategy the British used in 1778 for finishing the war and bring the colonies back into the empire?: -Concentrated their offensive in the South, where there were more Loyalists
-Hoped to use British sea power and supposrt to win decisive victories in Southern states
What happened to the American army at Charleston, S.C. in 1780?: -Worst American defeat
What was guerilla warfare, and who was Francis Marion?: -Technique that caught enemies off-guard
-Francis Marion was known as the Swamp Fox
-Also a guerilla leader in South Carolina
Who was Nathanael Greene and what did he accomplish in the South in 1781?: -Won Battle of Cowpens
-Inflicted heavy damage on British
What did General Cornwallis do in April of 1781, and where did he go?: -Retreatd north to Virginia
-Troops carried out saids, nearly capturing Governor Thomas Jefferson and Virginia Legistature
Why did Washington change his plans in 1781?: -Knew that Admiral Francois de Grasse was heading toward Chesapeake Bay instead of New York
-Decided to advance on Yorktown instead
What were the three groups that would meet at Yorktown?: -Anthony Wayne's troops, Washington's troops, French fleet under Admiral de Grasse
What happened on October 19th, 1781?: -Cornwallis surrendered
-PATRIOTS WON
What did King George III decide as a result of the American victory at Yorktown?: -Appointed new ministers who were prepared to give America independence
Who were the American representatives at the Treaty of Paris?: Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, John Adams
What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris?: -Britain officially recognized America as an independent country
-Northern boundary: Great Lakes/Canada
-Southern boundary: 31 degrees north - Spanish Florida
-Western boundary: Mississippi River
-Spain got Florida back plus southern parts of Alabama and Mississppi
-Britain would remove its armies with spped
-America promised not to seize property from Loyalists
-Congress would urge states to give back Loyalist properties seized during the war [most was never returned]
-America agreed that British merchants could collect prewar debts owed by Americans
-Britain gave America the right to fish in waters off coast of Canada
Why did the Americans win the war?: -Americans fought on their own land, while British had bring troop and supplies across the Atlantic
-British depended on support from the sea --> ships were blocked, cut off from supplies and reinforcements
-British sucessfully occupied American cities, but had difficuly controlling the countryside
-Americans knew the land and were able the fight using guerrilla tactics that the British had difficulty defending against
-America received help from other nations [FRANCE: $, supplies, troops SPAIN: supplies and attacked British in Mississippi Valley NETHERLANDS: $]
-Washington's leadership skills played critical role in American victory
-American Revolution was a people's movement. Outcome depended on determination and spirit of Patriots

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