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Jay- Gardoqui treaty 1786: between the US and Spain guaranteed Spain's exclusive right to navigate Mississippi River for 30 years. It also opened Spain's European and West Indian seaports to American shipping. However the Treaty was not ratified under Articles of Confederation.
Hartford Convention: It was a gathering of Federalists in New England whose purpose was to discuss their grievances and to seek redress for their wrongs. They desired amendments to the Constitution that would restore the Federalists, but ultimately, the desires of the convention would be the end of the Federalist Party.
Payne Aldrich Tariff 1909: - reduced the US tariff rate to 37%. It was very effective. However, the tariff had not been lowered enough to satisfy Progressives. President Taft was ridiculed for being so passive. The debate over the tariff split the Republican party into Progressives and Old Guard and resulted in the eventual presidency of Woodrow Wilson
Farmer's alliance: an organized agrarian economic movement among U.S. farmers that flourished in the 1880s. First formed in 1876 in Texas, it was designed to promote higher commodity prices through collective action by groups of individual farmers. The movement was strongest in the South and Great Plains, and was widely popular before it was destroyed by the power of commodity brokers. Despite its failure, it is regarded as the precursor to the United States Populist Party, which grew out of the ashes of the Alliance in 1889.
Adams-Onis Treaty: A historic agreement between the United States and Spain that settled a border dispute in North America between the two nations. The treaty settled a boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Texas and firmly established the boundary of U.S. territory to the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It also had the effect of ending the first and paving the way for the second of the Seminole Wars in Florida.
Industrial Workers of the World ("Wobblies"): industrial Workers of the World (IWW), revolutionary industrial union organized in Chicago in 1905 by delegates from the Western Federation of Mines, which formed the nucleus of the IWW, and 42 other labor organizations. It became the chief organization in the United States representing the doctrines of syndicalism. Leaders included Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood, and Daniel De Leon. Its members were called the Wobblies.
Crop Lien System: To supply credit, country store merchants that appeared numerously after the war gave farmers supplies and groceries, to be paid with part of their next crop. This system would have worked if the merchant lenders charged good interest rates and cotton and tobacco prices stayed high. However, because of lack of competition and a high risk of loss on loans, lenders charged a credit price of 50- 60% above cash price. Cotton had falling prices as well b/c overproduction.
Conscription Law 1863: provided that all able-bodied males ages 20-45 were liable to military service, but a drafted man who furnished an acceptable substitute or paid the government $300 was excused. A defective piece of legislation enforced amid great unpopularity, it provoked nationwide disturbances that were most serious in NYC, where there occurred large-scale riots. Many elements in NY sympathized with the South, and the war had aggravated long-standing economic and social grievances.
Wilmot Proviso: 1846 attached to many bills but never passed, would have outlawed slavery in any U.S. territory gained from the Mexican Cession following the recently begun Mexican-American War. Named for Congressman David Wilmot, a Democrat from PA. The Free Soil Party formed in support of the Wilmot Proviso, and their platform of Free Soil was later adopted by the Republican Party which Wilmot helped begin. Unconstitutional.
Republican Mothers: women during the revolution assumed the mantle of taking care of the household and the family. They raised good little patriots and acted as the moral conscience of the new country, a role that would stick for generations to come.
Paxton Boys: They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.
Dartmouth v. Woodward: This was a Supreme Court case dealing with the impairment of contracts. It strengthened the Contract Clause and limiting the power of the States to interfere with private institutions' charters. The decision protected contracts against specifically state encroachments.
Writs of Assistance: provided for under British rule in colonial America that authorized customs officers to search unspecified places for any smuggled goods. Many colonial courts refused to issue these, which were a focus of bitter resentment against arbitrary searches and seizures. Opposition to them inspired the provision in the U.S. Constitution requiring that a search warrant describe with particularity the place and items to be searched.
Catherine Beecher: sister to Harriet Beecher Stowe, was a very active supporter of women's education. Beecher published A Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School, emphasized the importance of women's work and role in society. She founded the American Woman's Educational Association in 1852.
Northern Securities Case: large railroad conglomerate formed in 1901 by financiers. The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, Chicago and others. The companies had all formed a large trust, which were outlawed since 1890 by the Sherman Antitrust Act. President TR sued them for violating the Act. The company is best known as one of the first large-scale examples of Roosevelt's "trust-busting" activities in the early 1900s. After federal prosecution, the company was dissolved according to the 1904 Supreme Court ruling.
Oregon Question: arose as a result of rival British and US claims to the Oregon Country. Both Great Britain and the US had territorial and commercial interests in the Oregon country, and in 1818 the nations agreed to share sovereignty in the sparsely populated region. Negotiations over the next several decades failed to agree on a compromise boundary, until settled by the U.S. and Britain agreeing to divide the Pacific Northwest between them at the 49th parallel
Salmon P. Chase: As secretary of the treasury in Lincoln's cabinet from 1861 to 1864 he established of a national banking system and the issue of a legal tender paper currency. He secured an immediate market for government bonds, but also provided a permanent uniform national currency, though inelastic, is absolutely stable. Succeeded Taney as chief justice most important decisions while on the court were Texas v. White, Veazie Bank v. Fenno Hepburn v. Griswold
Liberty Party: created by abolitionists who believed in political action to further antislavery goals. In opposition to William Lloyd Garrison who scorned political activity as both futile and sinful in the battle to end slavery. hoped to dramatize the antislavery issue, pressure legislators to take firmer antislavery positions, prevent slavery from extending beyond the states where it existed into the federal territories and eradicate both interstate slave trade and the institution itself w/in DC.
William Bradford: - founding pilgrim of the north colony Plymouth Rock in 1620. He was chosen governor 30 times. He also conducted experiments of living in the wilderness and wrote about them; well known for "Of Plymouth Plantation." Contributed to the mayflower compact.
Report on Manufactures: revealed the full range of Hamilton's plan for industrializing the US. Rejecting the common assumption that America could prosper with an agricultural base, He argued that the new Republic should concentrate on developing industry. To nurture American industry in its formative years, he proposed the imposition of protective tariffs and the prohibition of imported manufactured goods that would compete with domestic products
Olive Branch Petition: - at Saratoga the British offered the colonists the petition which offered them home rule. The colonists refused. Their commitment to the fight assured the French and helped to win their alliance.
McKinley Tariff: - set the average ad valorem tariff rate for imports to the United States at 50%, and protected agriculture. Its chief proponent was Congressman and future President McKinley. In return for its passage, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was given Republican support. It raised the prices in the US under Benjamin Harrison and hurt the common folk, which may have cost him his presidency in the next elections
Log Cabin Campaign 1840: occurs when a candidate attempts to portray himself as a simple, man of the people. Harrison was the first president to campaign actively for office. He did so with the slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler too."
Ralph Waldo Emerson: a famous American essayist and orator, one of America's most influential thinkers and writers. Emerson was later to become a Unitarian minister. He gradually drifted from the doctrines of his peers, then formulated and first expressed the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his essay Nature.
"Uncle Joe" Cannon: Cannon exercised dictatorial powers in his role as Speaker of the House (1903-11). The political "revolution of 1910," led by George Norris and "Champ" Clark, stripped the Speaker of the right to be on the powerful Rules Committee and the right to appoint other committees of the House. After the revolt, Cannon was defeated for reelection in 1912. He returned in 1914 to serve as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
William Graham Sumner: the leading American advocate of Social Darwinism. As a sociologist, his major accomplishments were developing the concepts of diffusion, folkways, and ethnocentrism. Sumner's work with folkways led him to conclude that attempts at reform were useless. He was a staunch advocate of laissez-faire economics, arguing that the practices of the Gilded Age were rather plutocracy.
Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842: a landmark legal decision by the MA Supreme Judicial Court; Before this decision, labor unions which attempted to 'close' or create a unionized workplace could be charged with conspiracy. Chief Justice Shaw ruled that unions were legal organizations and had the right to organize and strike. Though judges throughout the decade would become more anti-union, Commonwealth v. Hunt served as a legitimizer for non-socialist or non-violent trade unions.
Clement L. Vallandigham: Ohio politician, a key leader of the Copperheads in the Civil War. His assertion that 'he did not want to belong to the United States' inspired the novel "The Man Without a Country." This piece of fiction, which appeared in the Atlantic in December 1863, was widely republished, and did more to stimulate patriotism than any other wartime writing.
Non-Intercourse Act: The act was a replacement of the Embargo Act. It reopened trade with the world except with France and Britain. Like its predecessor, it was ineffective and a precursor to war.
Crittenden Compromise: would ban slavery north of the 36°30' line and would leave the issue in territories south of the line up to the people; also, existing slavery south of the line would be protected. Lincoln opposed the compromise, which might have worked, because his party had preached against the extension of slavery, and he had to stick to principle. Civil war commenced.
Regulators: tried to effect government changes in 1760s. Tried to arrange government in backcountry. At first orderly then violent. Caused tension between western farmers and tidewater aristocracy.
Munn v. Illinois: a Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. The case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads. Upheld legislation proposed by the Grangers to regulate grain elevator rates, declaring that the general welfare requires that business interests be reined in by governmental authority. This decision also affected similar laws governing railroad rates; as they were also deemed private utilities serving the public interest, the laws governing their rates were constitutional as well. Both applications were considerably narrowed and weakened by the decision in the Wabash Case.
16th Amendment: Set up Income tax
Chesapeake-Leopard Incident: An incident where the Leopard, a British warship, demanded the surrender for 4 deserters on the Chesapeake. It refused, and the Leopard fired upon the ship. This escalated the tensions between the two nations, and directly caused the Embargo Act of 1807 and was an ingredient to the War of 1812.
Wabash Case: Supreme Court case that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. The Court had to decide on whether states have the power to regulate railroad rates for interstate shipments. It ruled that the Commerce Clause does not permit states to enact direct burdens on interstate commerce- significant departure from the accepted standard enacted in Cooley v. Board of Wardens
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania: written by Philadelphia lawyer Dickenson who protested British policies because he thought they deprived colonies of their natural rights. In the letters he urged united action on the part of the colonists.
Freeport Doctrine: during the Lincoln - Douglas debates Stephen Douglas said that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down; the people had the power. Lost some northern support, got a tiny bit of southern. Lincoln won.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842: settled the dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border between the US and Canada as well as the location of the border (49th parallel) in the westward frontier up to the Rocky Mountains and the shared use of the Great Lakes. It called for an end to the slave trade on the high seas, to be enforced by both signatories.
Writ of habeas corpus: to release an individual from unlawful imprisonment; through this use it has come to be regarded as the great writ of liberty. The writ tests only whether a prisoner has been accorded due process, not whether he is guilty.
Compromise of 1850: series of Congressional legislative measures balancing the interests of the slaveholding states of the South and the free states. 1- California was admitted as a free state 2-Texas received $$ compensation for relinquishing claim to lands West of the Rio Grande river 3-US territory of New Mexico organized with pop sovereignty 4-the slave trade (but not slavery itself) was abolished in D.C., 5-stringent Fugitive Slave Law was passed, requiring all U.S. citizens to assist in the return of runaway slaves. Brokered largely by Stephen Douglas, postponed civil war.
Minor v. Happersatt: the Supreme Court decreed that Missouri was within its constitutional rights in denying a woman applicant, Virginia Minor, the right to vote. The feminist Victoria Woodhull had urged women to try to vote, arguing that the 14th Amendment forbade the states to limit citizens' rights. This "new departure" was adopted by the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and 70 suffragists nationwide--among them, Minor-- voted in the 1872 elections.
Tallmadge Amendment: This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.
Underwood Simmons Tariff 1913: act passed by Congress during the administration of Woodrow Wilson that lowered tariffs on hundreds of items that could be produced more cheaply in the United States than abroad. Sponsored by Representative Oscar W. Underwood of Alabama (1862-29), the tariff reduced the rates of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) by about 10 percent. As the first bill since the Civil War to lower tariff rates, the Underwood Tariff included an income tax to make up for the loss in revenues caused by the lower tariffs.
Gibbons v. Ogden: A case that arose from an attempt by New York State to grant a monopoly of steamboat operation between New York and New Jersey. Ogden was licensed to operate the ferry and argued that navigation commerce was a state regulated thing, but Gibbons had his own ferry business incensed by a statue enacted by congress. The court disagreed with Ogden claiming that Congress had as much power over commerce as navigation. This established a broad interpretation of the constitution.
Caroline Incident 1837: A band of Canadian rebels declared themselves the Republic of Canada. American sympathizers, who considered the rebellion a belated continuation of the American Revolutionary War, supplied them with money, provisions, and arms via the steamboat SS Caroline. Canadian loyalist ordered the Caroline ablaze. In response a Brit steamer was set on fire while it was in the US. Ultimately settled by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty.
Prigg v. PA 1842: SC ruled that states did not have to proffer aid in the hunting or recapture of slaves, in some areas locals had actively fought attempts to seize black fugitives and return them to the South. Some n states passed personal-liberty laws mandating a jury trial before alleged slaves could be moved; others forbade the use of local jails or the assistance of state officials in the process of arrest or return.
Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo 1848: the peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American War. The treaty provided for the Mexican Cession, in which Mexico ceded 525,000 square miles to the US in exchange for US$15 million.
Ostend Manifesto: stated that the U.S. was to offer $120 million to Spain for Cuba, and if it refused and Spain's ownership of Cuba continued to endanger the U.S., then America would be justified in seizing the island .Northerners were outraged once this "secret" document was leaked, and the South could not get Cuba and obtain another slave state.
Clayton Act 1914: a law intended to plug loopholes in the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 and to more clearly define unfair business practices. The act prohibited price discrimination and interlocking directorates for the purpose of eliminating competition. It recognized the legality of boycotts and strikes and stated that unions were not monopolies under the antitrust laws.
Orders of Council: Set of several trade regulations which established a blockade of part of the continent of Europe and prohibited trade with France. Escalated tensions between Britain and America.
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair: political conflict over conservation policies during the administration of Taft. Pinchot, chief of the Interior Department's Division of Forestry, accused Secretary of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger of abandoning the conservation policies of Theodore Roosevelt by plundering and selling public lands. Taft sided with Ballinger and removed Pinchot from office. Although Ballinger later resigned, he and Taft were criticized for putting the interests of private industry over the good of the nation. Ballinger was later cleared by a congressional committee of any wrongdoing
Hepburn Act 1906: law that strengthened the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission by increasing its membership from five to seven and allowing it to determine reasonable rates upon the complaint of a shipper. The act also prohibited free railroad passes and forbade railroads to haul commodities they had produced themselves.
McCulloch v. Maryland: This was a judicial case that involved an attempt by Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing tax on the notes. This ended with John Marshall promoting Hamiltonian policy of implied powers and claimed that Maryland had no right to tax the bank. This was a blow to state rights and an increase in power of loose interpretation.
Zenger Case: 1734 John Peter Zenger was a newspaper printer in the eighteenth century. He protested the royal governor. He was put on trial for this "act of treason." The jury went against the royal governor and ruled Zenger innocent. This set the standards for democracy and, most importantly, for the freedom of the press in America.
Gaspee Incident: British customs frigate HMS Gaspée , revenue cutter enforcing the Stamp Act 1765 and Townshend Acts where smuggling was common, the vessel was lured aground on the western shore of the Narragansett Bay on 6/9/1772 and in an act of colonial defiance that gained considerable notoriety, it was burned the next day.
Transcendentalism: ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that advocate an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through a knowledgeable intuitive awareness that is conditional upon the individual. Emerged in New England in the early 1800s as a protest against the time's of culture and society.
Morrill Tariff Act 1861: a major protectionist tariff bill instituted in the US. It was signed into law by Democratic president, Buchanan. The tax is significant for severely altering American commercial policy after a period of relative free trade to several decades of heavy protection. It replaced the Tariff of 1857. It was a contentious issue that fueled sectional disputes on the eve of the Civil War.
Hinton Helper: wrote The Impending Crisis of the South, was a non-aristocratic white North Carolinian who tried to prove, by an array of stats, that the non-slave-holding Southern whites were really the ones most hurt by slavery.
Topeka Constitution: was the first attempt to establish a constitution for Kansas Territory. However, territorial legislators considered it to be illegal as it was organized by an anti-slavery party, who considered the legislators to have been elected illegally. The convention was submitted to the U.S. Congress despite its lack of official sanction; it was approved by the House of Representatives, but failed the Senate.
Pendelton Act 1883: established the United States Civil Service Commission, which placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system." Drafted as a response to President Garfield's assassination by Charles J. Guiteau, the Act was passed into law on January 16, 1883.
Webster-Hayne Debate: It was an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation. The debate cemented the image of Daniel Webster, as a legendary defender of Constitution and Union
Ex Parte Milligan: Lambdin Milligan and four others were accused, convicted and sentenced to hang by a military court under suspension of writ of habeas corpus. The Supreme Court decided that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional because civilian courts were still operating, not forced closed. It ruled that military tribunals couldn't try civilians in areas where civil courts were open, even during wartime.
17th Amendment: set up direct election of senators
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge: Dispute over the toll bridge of Charles River and the free bridge of Warren. The court ruled in favor of Warren. Reversed Dartmouth College v. Woodward; property rights can be overridden by public need.
Elkins Act 1903: sponsored by President Theodore Roosevelt, provided for the regulation of interstate railroads. The act forbade rebates or other rate reductions to shipping companies. Railroads were not allowed to offer rates different from the published rates.
Robert Lafollate: politician, a pacifist and isolationist, La Follette became a controversial figure when he voted against the U.S. entry into WW I and opposed ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and joining the League of Nations. He helped found the Progressive movement and was the Progressive party candidate for president in the Election of 1924, receiving nearly 6 million votes. La Follette earned the nickname "Fighting Bob" because of his deep commitment to his beliefs.
Embargo Act: Act that forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of the warring nations of France and Britain. The act slowed the economy of New England and the south. The act was seen as one of many precursors to war.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: Court refused to hear case of the Cherokees, which they brought forward, because Georgia had abolished their tribal legislature and courts. This showed that the Cherokee's position was on their shoulders, and it was a precursor to Worcester v. Georgia.
Petition of Rights: 1628, a statement of civil liberties sent by the British parliament to Charles I. four principles: no taxes may be levied without consent of Parliament; no subject may be imprisoned without cause shown (reaffirmation of the right of habeas corpus); no soldiers may be quartered upon the citizenry; martial law may not be used in time of peace.
Land Ordinance 1785: -immediate goal of the ordinance was to raise money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original colonies acquired from Britain at the end of the Revolutionary War.
John Winthrop: immigrated from the Mass. Bay Colony in the 1630's to become the first governor and to lead a religious experiment, pledging that they would found a new Puritan colony in New England. He once said, "We shall be a city on a hill."
Proclamation Line: The Proclamation of 1763 was an English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the French and Indian War. It forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The Colonists were no longer proud to be British citizens after the enactment. Since the colonists saw no point to the line, a mass movement of colonists went into the mountains seeking more land. United the colonists against the British.
United States v. EC Knight Co: Under the Knight decision, any action against manufacturing combinations would need to be taken by individual states, making such regulation more difficult. It was not until the administrations of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft that serious trust-busting would take place by the federal government.
Texas Question: the voluntary annexation of Republic of Texas by the United States of America as Texas, the 28th state, and additional land that later became major parts of the states of New Mexico and Colorado, where the headwaters of the Rio Grande exist in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains.
Wilson-Gorman Tariff: slightly reduced the U.S. tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff. It is Supported by the Democrats, this attempt at tariff reform imposed an income tax of 2% to make up for revenue that would be lost by tariff reductions. The bill introduced by Wilson and passed by the House would have made significant reforms, but by the time the bill passed the Senate, it had more than 600 amendments attached which nullified most of the reforms
Lord North: 1770's-1782 King George III's stout prime minister in the 1770's, reacting with the intolerable acts and His stern response to the Boston Tea Party helped unite the American colonists against England.
Comstock Law 1873: law that made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" books through the mail as a clear example of censorship. The enthusiastic enforcement of the Act made American censorship notorious in Europe. It also targeted all contraceptive equipment and many educational documents such as descriptions of contraceptive methods and other reproductive health related materials.
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854: let slavery in Kansas and Nebraska be decided upon by popular sovereignty. The problem was that the Missouri Compromise had banned this, so the act would have to repeal it. S supported b/c of KA as a possible slave state, N against. Led to "Bleeding Kansas"
Square Deal: - the term used by President Theodore Roosevelt and his associates for the policies of his administration, particularly with regard to economic policies, such as antitrust enforcement. As such, it seems to have been a precursor to the New Deal of FDR thirty years later and Johnson's New Deal in the 1960s. The term is a general reference to the concept of a square deal being an agreement that is made fairly.
Nez Perce: in 1877 Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Nation surrendered to units of the U.S. Cavalry. Before this retreat the Nez Perce fought a cunning strategic retreat toward refuge in Canada from about 2,000 Army soldiers. This surrender, after fighting 13 battles and going about 1,600 miles toward Canada, marked the last great battle between the U.S. government and an Indian nation
Bear Flag Revolt: The California Republic was proclaimed on June 10, 1846 when a group of 33 Americans captured the town of Sonoma and declared independence from Mexico. Shortly thereafter, U.S. Army Captain John C. Fremont arrived and took control of the group. They joined American forces after news that the Mexican/ American war had begun.
Ex Post Facto Law: A law that makes illegal an act that was legal when committed increases the penalties for an infraction after it has been committed, or changes the rules of evidence to make conviction easier. The Constitution prohibits the making of ex post facto law
Federal Trade Commission: 1. a government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and to maintain a competitive economy. The FTC controls radio and television advertising and regulates labeling and packaging. Its five commissioners, appointed by the president and subject to Senate approval, serve for seven-year terms
Letters from an American Farmer: French-born colonial settler Michel Crèvecoeur reflects on what qualities are uniquely American and describes Americans as a novel mixture of European nationalities by drawing a contrast between European society, which he sees as characterized by rigid economic inequality, and American society, which in his view lacks the pronounced social and economic stratification of Europe.

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