Test II
Terms
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- Heat
- the quantity of kinetic energy contained in an object. Can be transfered from one body to another. Measured in calories. 1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of room temp water 1 degree celcius.
- Temperature
- measures the hotness of coldness of an object. It's how fast the atoms are moving in the object. not transferable. measured in 3 scale: F, C, K
- Absolute 0
- the coldest temperature at which it is possible to extract energy from atoms
- Specific heat
- how much heat energy is absorbed by the material
- thermal conductor
- the substance with the ability to transer heat energy from one molecule to the next by conduction
- heat transfer
- the process in which heat moves from one place to another
- 3 mechanisms of heat transfer
-
conduction
convection
radiation - conduction
- the movement of heat by atomic collision. a way to transfer heat when to bodies are in contact
- convection
- the movement of heat by a physical motion
- radiation
- the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. every object in the universe radiates heat energy and recieves heat energy.
- evaporation
- loss of heat from the surface of a liquid
- Homeostasis
- a constant internal enviorment. organisms can regulate their energy with the enviorment.
- ectotherm
- animals that warm their bodies by absorbing heat from their surroundings
- endotherm
- animals that maintain a constant internal temp through metabolism
- Thermo regulation
-
changing metabolic rate
adjusting rate of heat exchange
evaporation
behavioral responses - Torpor
- metabolism decreases so circulation decreases.
- 2 types of torpor
-
hibernation- long periods of time
diurnation- short periods of time - phases of matter
-
gas
liquid
solid - gas
- collection of atoms or molecules that expand to take shape and fill the volume of a container
- liquid
- collection of atoms that have no fixed shape but maintain a fixed volume
- solid
- collection of atoms that have a fixed shape and a fixed volume
- phase changes
- a transition from one phase to another
- 2nd law of thermodynamics
- heat energy and heat transfer. deals with quality. in all energy exchanges or conversions, if no energy enters or leaves the system under study, the potentail energy of the final state will always be less than the potentail energy of the inital state.
- parts of the 2nd law of thermodynamics
-
entroy: a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system
heat will not flow spontaneously from a hot or cold body
whenever energy is transformed from one form to another, some of it is lost as heat energy - the 3rd law of thermodynamics
- the zeroth law, nothing can be cooled down to absolute 0
- ecosystem
- the plants and animals that live in a given area along with their physical environment
- waves
- a traveling disturbance
- transverse wave
- the moving particles vibrate at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels
- longitudinal wave
- a wave in which individual particles move in the same direction as the wave
- properties of waves
-
crest: highest point in the wave
trough: lowest point in the wave - cycle
- one complete vibration
- wave lenght
- distance from one crest to the next
- frequency
- the number of crests that go by a given point every second
- velocity
- the speed of the wave crest and its direction
- amplitude
- the height of the wave crest above the undisturbed position
- sound
- the source of sound is a vibrating object
- reflection
- the wave strikes a boundary that is paralle to the wave
- reverberation
- the mixing of the orignal sound with reflection
- refraction
- the wave strikes the boundary at an angle
- interference
- when 2 waves meet. A process when they reach a single point in space at the same time.
- the doppler effect
- what happens to the apparent frequency of a wave when the object emitting the wave is moving
- electromagnetic force
-
strounger than gravity
different from gravity
can attract or repel objects - electric force
- the force that results from the interaction of charged bodies
- Coulombs law
- the force between 2 electrically charged objects is proportional to the product of their charges divided by the square of the distance between them.
- electric fields
- a charged object alters the space around itself
- static electricity
-
the charge doesnt move
Friction: electrons are transfered from one object to another
Contact: something that touches a charged body
Induction: the charge is re-distrubuted but not transfered - Galavani
- thought that lifes vital force was electricity
- Galvanize
- to apply an electrical current of charge
- Volta
-
he felt electric charge was a chemical reaction
developed the first battery - electric current
- a flowing charge
- electric circuit
-
energy source: an electric generator
closed path: some place where the electrons can flow
a load: place where energy is going to be used - voltage
- the amount of work it would take to move the charge between 2 points divided by the value of the charge
- current
- number of electrons that actually flow through a wire in a given amount of time
- power
- measured in amps, equals the voltage times current in amps
- magnetic force
- a force that produces a rotation
- Gilbert
- discovered that every magnet has 2 poles (North and South)
- magnetic fields
- force acting at a distance. Field lines never cross and are continuous. the closer the lines are, the stronger the magnetic force
- Dynamo theory
- the reason why we have magnetic fields. Sets up electro currents
- Ampere
- inspired to come up with a way to measure current
- Orestead
- Magnetism was due to electricty
- Maxwell's laws
-
like charges repel, unlike attract (same as Coulomb)
no magnetic monopoles
magnetic by electric effects
electric by magnetic effects
predicted electro magnetic waves that would alternate the whole way.