Science Mid-Term 2004
Terms
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- What is a dry form of lava that forms like clinkers?
- aa
- What is a ringlike coral island and reef that nearly or entirely encloses a lagoon?
- Atoll
- What is a hard, dense, dark volcanic rock composed chiefly of plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine, and often having a glassy appearance?
- Basalt
- What is a building sometimes used for earthquakes in which the foundation is seperated from the rest of the building?
- Base-isolated building
- A mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cooled inside the crust.
- Batholith
- What is a large crater formed by volcanic explosion or by collapse of a volcanic cone?
- Caldera
- What is a slow-moving type of lava that hardens to form rough chunks?
- aa
- The process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass.
- cementation
- The process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight.
- compaction
- An experiment in which all factors except one are kept constant
- controlled experiment
- A bowl shaped area that forms around a volcano's central opening.
- Crater
- The layer of rock that forms earth's outer surface.
- crust
- A solid in which the atoms are arranged in a pattern that repeats again and again.
- crystal
- A deep valley along the ocean floor through which oceanic crust slowly sinks towards the mantle.
- Deep ocean-trench
- The amount of mass in a given space: mass per unit volume.
- Density
- Term used to describe metamorphic rocks whose grains are arranged in parallel layers or bands.
- Foliated
- A trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock.
- Fossil
- The study of planet earth.
- Geology
- A fountain of water and steam that builds up pressure underground and erupts at regular intervals.
- Geyser
- A particle of mineral or other rock that gives a rock its texture
- grain
- A usually light colored rock that is found in continental crust.
- Granite
- An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it.
- Hot spot
- Not formed from living things or the remains of living things.
- Inorganic
- The process by which an earthquakes violent movement suddenly turns loose soil into liquid mud.
- Liquefaction
- The pocket beneath a volcano where magma collects.
- Magma Chamber
- The undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced: a divergent plate boundary
- Mid-ocean ridge
- A naturally occuring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition.
- Mineral
- Rock that contains a metal or economically useful mineral.
- Ore
- Sedimentary rock that forms where remains of organisms are depositied in thick layers.
- Organic Rock
- The name of the single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago and gave rise to today's continents.
- Pangea
- The theory that pieces of earth's lithosphere are in constant motion driven by convection currents in the mantle.
- Plate Tectonics
- The expulsion of ash, cinders, bombs and gasses during an explosive volcanic eruption.
- Pyroclastic Flow
- A deep valley that forms where two plates move apart.
- Rift Valley
- A major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean
- Ring of Fire
- The process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the ocean floor.
- Sea-Floor Spreading
- Small solid pieces of material that comes from rocks or organisms.
- Sediment
- A device that records groundmovements caused by seismic waves as they move through earth.
- Seismograph
- Stress that pushes a mass of rock in opposite directions.
- Shearing
- A material that is formed from the elements oxygen and silicon; is found in magma
- Silica
- A slab of volcanic rock formed when magma squeezes between layers of rock.
- Sill
- The process by which ore is melted to seperate the useful metal from other elements.
- Smelting
- A device that determines the distance of an object underwater by recording echoes of soundwaves.
- Sonar
- A force that acts on rock to change its shape/volume.
- Stress
- A type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up/down movements.
- Strike-Slip faults
- The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary.
- Subduction
- Stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle.
- Tension
- The look and feel of a rock's surface determined by the size, shape and pattern of a rocks grains.
- Texture
- A large wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor.
- Tsunami
- A narrow slab of a mineral that is sharply different from the surrounding rock.
- Vein
- The opening through which molten rock and gas leave the volcano.
- vent
- A deposit of hardened magma in a volcano's pipe.
- Volcanic Neck
- The shape of the land determined by elevation, relief and landforms.
- Topography
- The difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an area.
- Relief
- The line that makes a half circle from the North Pole to the South Pole and passes through Greenwich England.
- Prime Meridian
- Charactaristic of a material that is full of tiny, connected air spaces which water can seep through.
- Permeable
- A line on a topographic maps that connects different points of elevation.
- Contour Line
- The difference in elevation from one contour line to the next.
- Contour interval
- A method of long. and lat. using satellites.
- GPS (Global Positioning System)
- The process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves weathered rock and soil.
- Erosion
- The grinding away of rock by other rock particles carried in water, ice, or wind.
- Abrasion
- The solid layer of rock beneath the soil.
- Bedrock
- Process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks then freezes and expands.
- Ice wedging
- Dark colored organic material in soil.
- Humus
- Rich, fertile soil made up of about equal parts of clay, sand, and silt.
- loam
- The loose layer of dead plant leaves and stems on the surface of the soil.
- Litter
- A thick mass of grass, roots and soil.
- Sod
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The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element is.....
...A substance composed of a single kind of atom is...
...Two or more atoms together... - ...atom....element...compound
- What is the connection between clastic rock, chemical rock and organic rock?
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Clastic is Sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments are squeezed togeether under high pressure...
Chemical is sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize to form a solution...
Organic is sedimentary rock that forms where remains of organisms are deposited in thick layers...
These are the three types of sedimentary rock! - What are some of the properties/tables used to classify rocks?
- Mohs hardness scale, streak, luster, cleavage, fracture, color, fluorescence etc.
- What are the tree different types of volcanoes?
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Shield- Wide, gently sloping
Composite- tall, cone shaped with alternating layers of lava and ash.
Cinder cone- Steep, cone-shaped, made of thick lava. - What do constructive and destructive forces do?
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Constructive forces build up earth and shape the surface by creating mountains and elevated landforms...
Destructive forces wear away mountains and other features on earth's surface. - What are the three types of boundaries and how do they differ?
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Transform- Two plates slip past each other in opposite directions, earthquakes mostly here.
Divergent- The place where two plates move apart, mostly occuring and mid-ocean ridge.
Convergent- Where two plates come together, collision happens and may bring together oceanic crust and continental crust. - What are the two types of igneous rock and how do they differ?
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Extrusive- Rock formed from lava that erupted ON EARTH'S SURFACE.
Intrusvie- Rock formed from lava that hardened BENEATH EARTH'S SURFACE. - What is a footwall? What is a hanging wall?
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Footwall- The half of the fault that lies below in a normal fault.
Hanging wall- The half of the fault that lies above in a normal fault. - What are the 3 main groups of rock and how are they different?
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Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary...
Igneous forms from the cooling of molten rock
Sedimentary forms when particles of other rocks or the remains of plant/animals are pressed and cemented together.
Metamorphic forms when an existing rock is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. - What are the four layers of earth and what purpose do they specifically serve?
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Crust, Mantle, Core, Inner Core outside-inside
Crust- Rock outer covering
Mantle- Place where convection currents move
Core- liquid, gravitates around Inner Core
Inner Core- Solid, hottest, spins around quickly, very center of the earth. -
What is the difference between lava and magma?
What are features formed by these? -
Lava is magma exposed to air!
Magma has not been exposed oxygen!
Batholith, Volcanic neck, sill, dyke - What are the four sections of earth's gases surrounding the planet?
- Lithosphere, Biosphere, Asthenosphere, Atmosphere
- What are the 3 scales for measuring earthquakes and how do they differ?
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Mercalli Scale- A scale developed to rate earthquakes according to their intensity.
Richter Scale- A rating of the size of seismic waves as measured by a particular type of seismograph.
Moment Magnitude scale- A rating system that estimates the total energy released by an earthquake, present day device. - You are...
- Done with the flash cards!