AHI - Final Exam Review

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Adams-Onis Treaty: Settled a border dispute between the US and Spain over Florida 1819
Trail of Tears: Long, tragic march where Native Americans were forced to travel westward during Jackson's term.
Spoils System: System of employing friends and supporters of the group in power, jackson "kitchen cabinet"
Marbury vs Madison: Established judicial review of the courts, Chief Justice John Marshall
Alamo: Site of battle where 200 Texans are surrounded and slaughtered by 600 Mexican forces
Cabinet: The body of men constituting the official advisors of the executive (President) head of a nation.
Cotton Gin: Machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers
Judicial Review: Power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional
Rutherford B. Hayes: 19th President, ended reconstruction by removing federal troops, disputed Tilden/Hayes election resulted in the Compromise of 1877
Civil War: American War between the Union and Confederacy from 1861-1865
Democratic-Republican Party: Founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1792. Dominant party until the 1820s.
Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner: One of the leaders of the Radical Republicans
Napoleon Bonaparte: French dictator who dreamed of of an empire in America, sold Louisana to Jefferson in 1803
Carpetbaggers: Notherners who moved to the South after the war for economic gain
Lone Star Republic: Name of Texas before annexed to the United States when Texas was its own country.
State's Rights: States believe they should have more power than the federal government
Seneca Falls Convention: Women's rights convention that results in a declaration of sentiments but not much else
Nationalism: Love of a country and willingness to sacrifice for it
James Buchanan: 15th President, Dred Scott decision, Confederacy formed
John Brown: An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory
Abraham Lincoln: 16th President of the United States, Emanicpation Proclamation, 10% plan, Gettysburg Address, assassinated by John W. Booth
Richmond, VA: Confederate capital
Missouri Compromise: Set up Maine and Missouri as free and slave states (respectively), instituted 36 30 as the line, slavery prohibited above the line
Stephen A. Douglas: Illinois senator. Ran against Abraham Lincoln for office, 1860
Compromise of 1850: Allowed California in as a free state however; it instituted the Fugitive Slave Act.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Co-founded the 1848 Women's Rights Convention held in Seneca Falls, New York
Thomas Jefferson: 3rd President, Louisana Purchase, Embargo Act
Santa Anna: General who defated Americans at Alamo, signed a treaty recognizing Texas as an independent country
Election of 1824: John Quincy Adams won after Henry Clay gave his support to Adams, securing his Presidency. When Adams appointed Clay as his secretary of state, Jackson's supporters raged that a corrupt bargain had cheated Jackson of presidency.
Dred Scott Decision: Landmark court decision that ruled that slaves were property and antislavery laws were unconstitutional
Washington, D.C.: Union capital
James K. Polk: 11th President, mexican War, Manifest Destiny
Henry Clay: Founder/leader of the Whig Party, a War Hawk, Created many compromises
Erie Canal: an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo
Border States: slave states that remained with the Union
Industrial Revolution: Transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation
Emancipation Proclamation: Issued by Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free January 1863
William T. Sherman: Union general, March to the Sea, Total War
Francis Lowell: Owned textile mill in Massachusetts, "Lowell girls"
54th Massachusetts Infantry: First all-black army unit that saw combat during the Civil War
Suffrage: The right or prvilege of voting.
Hayes-Tiden Election: 1876 disputed election, that led to the 1877 compromise ending reconstruction with the withdrawal of federal troops from the south
Eli Whitney: Invented the cotton gin and interchangable parts
Radical Republicans: Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war, led by Stevens and Sumner
Popular Sovereignty: The concept that a States people should vote whether to be a slave state or Free
Battle of Bull Run: 1st major battle, proved war was going to be long and costly
Monroe Doctrine: 1823; Foreign policy warning, no more European colonization in the western hemisphere
War Hawks: Those who favored war, Clay & Calhoun
American System: Clay's plan for a tariff to help American industries to grow
KKK: Terrorist group of White Supremacists in south
Union: Northern United States during the Civil War
Bleeding Kansas: Nickname given to the Kansas Territory because of the bloody violence between anti and pro slavery forces
Sam Houston: First president of the Republic of Texas, Alamo, commander of Texan forces
slavery: abolished by the 13th amendment
Scalawags: Southern whites who supported republican policy throughout reconstruction
Sojourner Truth: Former slave who became an abolitionist and womens right activist, "Ain't i a woman"speech
Sacajawea: Native American woman who served as a guide an interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition
Horace Mann: United States educator, significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)
15th Amendment: Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or previous condition of servitude
Fort Sumter: Where first shots were fired in the Civil War
Compromise of 1877: Compromise that enables Hayes to take office in return for the end of Reconstruction ( withdrawal of federal troops)
John C. Calhoun: 7th Vice President to Jackson (resigned), advocate of state's rights, limited government, and nullification, War hawk
Confederate States of America: Southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861
Dred Scott: United States slave who sued for liberty after living in a non-slave state, this decison ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, slavery cannot be restricted anywhere
Era of Good Feelings: Monroe's presidency was marked by this era of nonpartisanship
Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederacy
Impressment: British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service (War of 1812 cause)
Ulysses S. Grant: Union military leader who became 18th president during reconstruction
William Lloyd Garrison: Wrote the antislavery newspaper, the Liberator
Frederick Douglas: African American abolitionist, wrote The North Star newspaper
Sectionalism: Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole
Plessy vs Ferguson: Court case that upheld "separate but equal" is constitutional, 1896
amnesty: an offical pardon for an "illegal act", part of the 10% plan
Harriet Beecher Stowe: Author of the antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin
14th Amendment: Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
Samuel Slater: a textile worker who illegally left England and brought manufacturing secrets to America
Dorothea Dix: American activist for the menatally ill, and prison reform served in Civil War as a nurse.
Mormons: founded by Smith, taken over by Young moved to Salt Lake City Utah
Rio Grande: Border between the U.S. and Mexico
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general during the Civil War killed by friendly fire
Monitor (North) vs Merrimac (South): Civil War battle between two ironclad war ships
Embargo Act of 1807: Prohibited all American trade with foreign nations during Jefferson's term
Freedmen's Bureau: Set up to help former slaves with food, healthcare, jobs etc...
John Marshall: Chief Justice during Jackson's presidency, Marbury v. Madison
Secession (secede): Formal separation from an alliance or federation,to break away from the Union
Brigham Young: United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith
Siege of Vicksburg: Surrounding of the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, by Union forces
War of 1812: War that resulted from Britain putting economic limitations on the United States, Treaty of Ghent
13th Amendment: Abolished slavery; Ratified in 1865
Ft. Sumter: first shot of the civil war fired here
Andrew Johnson: 17th President upon Lincoln's death, first impeached president
Temperance movement: effort to ban the sale of alcohol in the U.S.
Reconstruction: Period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
Battle of New Orleans: Jackson defends city against British frontal attack, becomes national hero (War of 1812)
Lewis and Clark: Two explorers sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase
10% Plan: Lincoln's plan - only 10% of the population had to swear loyality to the union. must abolish slavery
Gadsden Purchase: Purchase of land from Mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary
Tecumseh: Famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)
Robert Fulton: American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat(Clermont) and the first steam warship (1765-1815)
California Gold Rush: Triggered by discovery at Sutter's Mill, leads to mass migration to California
Tecumseh: Native American leader who tried to unite tribes, his village was destroyed by Wm. Henry Harrison
Pickett's Charge: failed attempt by Confederate General at Gettysburg to break the Union line
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Treaty that the US forced Mexico to sign in 1848, giving Mexico's northern lands to the US)
Harpers Ferry: Location of federal arsenal that John Brown raided to get guns to arm slaves, 1859
Sherman's March to the Sea: Sherman's "total war" march in Georgia, Atlanta to Savannah
Appomattox Courthouse: Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War
Segregation: Social system that provides separate facilities for minority groups
Francis Scott Key: wrote Star Spangled Banner while being held at Ft McHenry in the War of 1812
Republic of Texas- Lone Star: Independent nation that was created after Texans defeated Mexico in the Texas Revolution
Nat Turner: United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia
Robert E. Lee: General of the Confederates, surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House
John Tyler: Elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died (1790-1862)
Zachary Taylor: Mexican War general,12th President
Battle of Gettysburg: Turning point of war, Union victory, ends with Pickett's (Confederate) charge
Democratic Party: Older of two major political parties in the United States (Jackson's party)
Oregon Trail: connected Missouri and Oregon, 2000 mile journey
Battle of Antietam: Civil War battle in which 25,000 men were killed or wounded, "bloodiest battle"
Fugitive Slave Act: Law that provided for harsh treatment for escaped slaves and for those who helped them, part of Compromise of 1850
Andrew Jackson: 7th President, Trail of Tears, let the charter for the US bank run out
John Quincy Adams: 6th President, corrupt bargain
Mexican Cession: Lands gained from Mexico as a result of the Mexican War
Clara Barton: Woman who organized the American Red Cross
Whig Party: Political party formed in 1834 to oppose policies of Andrew Jackson
James Monroe: 5th President, Era of Good Feelings
Susan B. Anthony: Woman who played pivotal role in women's rights to secure suffrage, first women on US currency
Battle of Tippecanoe: Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle (War of 1812)
Joseph Smith: Founder and leader of the Mormons
Abolition: Movement to outlaw slavery
Louisiana Purchase: Gave the U.S. a large portion of the Midwest, Miss. River to Rocky Mts.,led to debates about slavery, purchase from France 1803
Santa Anna: Mexican dictator who was captured at San Jacinto & recognized the independance of the Lone Star Republic
Loose Construction: Belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit
Kansas-Nebraska Act: Act passed in 1854, repealed the Missouri Compromise, led to "Bleeding Kansas"
Martin Van Buren: 8th President of the United States (1837-1841) after Jackson
William Henry Harrison: 9th President, Hero of Tippecanoe (War of 1812)
Touissant Louverture: forced Napoleon Bonaparte to abandon his plans of an empire in America
Mexican War: 1846-1848 conflict between US and Mexico, caused by the annexation of Texas, resulted in the Mexican Cession
Republican Party: Political party formed to oppose extending slavery in the territories, Lincoln first Pres.
Nullification Crisis: Dispute over states' rights vs federal power during Jackson's term, a compromise was reached to lower the tariff on imorted goods
James Madison: 4th President, War of 1812
Manifest Destiny: The belief that the U.S. should extend all the way to the pacific ocean
Strict Construction: Congress has ONLY powers given it by the Constitution
Samuel Morse: American Inventor of the telegraph and the morse code
Harriet Tubman: Former slave who helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad, women's rights
Cyrus McCormick: inventor of the mechanical reaper

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Number of cards 144