natsci test 1
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- age and composition of universe
- 13.7 bya, dark energy 73% dark matter 23% ordinary matter 4%
- proof of dark energy/dark matter
- energy- galaxies are accelerating their expansion which neds energy. matter- can calculate spinn of galaxies and how much matter is needed
- red shift
- the further away, the further stretch to the red- evidence for expansion
- Vladimir Vernadsky
- one of 1st to use 'biosphere' and 'noosphere'- described life as greatest geological force
- James Lovelock
- Gaia hypothesis- world as living organism
- age of earth
- 4.5 bya
- halflife dating of 40K
- 40K decays ha;fway to 40 Ar in 1.3 billion years, so measure amount of 40Ar in a rock.. if 40Ar/40K ratio is =1, then rock is 1.3 billion years old. as rock gets older, more 40Ar
- atmosphere
- circuates in a year with winds
- hydrosphere
- takes approx a thousand years for oceans to circulate
- lithosphere
- plate tectonics- millions of years- several centimeters per year
- Darwin- birthday and publication date
- 1809, 1859
- 2 lines of evidence for evolution
- fossil evidence(microfossils in rocks at 3.5 bya), isotope evidence(geochemists search for light 13C/12C ratio compounds because 13C moves slower across biological compounds)
- Miller-Urey experiment
- put methane, ch4, nh4, ammonia in glass sphere, zapped with electricity, and found amino acids
- extremophiles
- love living under extreme conditions-thermophiles, halophiles, acidophiles
- biosphere
- thin outer layer of earth- atmosphere, soils, oceans, life, [exposed rock]
- recipe for evolution
- replication, variation, selection
- stromatolites
- looks like rock formation, made of bacteria
- bubblers
- archaea that generate methane, ch4--take in food and expel ch4
- bluegreens
- cyanobacteria- photosynthesizers--take in co2, expel o2 and build carbon bodies
- breathers
- us & many bacteria, take in food (carbon) & o2 and breathe out co2
- biochemical guilds
- united members of metabolisms/ chemical transformation
- symbiogenesis
- the creation from symbiosis--2 very important ones in evolution
- Lynn Margulis
- established that mitochondria come from ancient merger of prokaryotes-big archaea and small bacterium
- mitochondria
- has dna, reproduces inside cell, turns food and o2 into high energy molecules and co2
- chloroplasts in plant and algae cell
- stemmed from merger or bluegreen (cyanobacteria) and eukaryote already with mitochondria
- cryptogamic soil
- microbial crust- possibly like this for much of earths history
- approx 3.5 bya-2bya
- bacteria and archaea
- 2 bya
- 1st eukaryotes, 1st rise in o2
- 1 bya
- metazoans (multi-celled)
- 540 mya
- cambrian explosion- arthropods/mammal ancestors
- 540-250 mya
- trees
- 250 mya
- dinosaurs, mammals, etc
- why so long to get to trees and mamals?
- temperature-more recently evolved organisms are less tolerant of high temps, possibly more complex creatures require lower temps because proteins deature when heated
- david schwartzman
- evolution deterministic- once earth cooled, certain organisms can pop into being
- amphibians key inventions
- lungs (from air bladders), four legs (from fins), and use skins to brethe
- reptiles key inventions
- scaly skin, amnion/amniotic layer in protective egg
- beginning of trees
- poss association with fungi in roots, 'rhynie chert'- can see fungi cells in ancient roots
- evolution of trees
- conifers-> angiosperms (flowering plants)
- early reptiles- when and 3 branches
- approx 250 mya, branched into mammal-like reptiles, dinosaurs, today's lizards, turtles, and crocodiles
- key invention of dinosaur
- dinosaur hip-- 2 legged dinosaur
- mesozoic era
- middle animal- triassic (250 mya), jurassic, cretaceous(65 mya-k-t boundary)
- proconsul
- 25-15 mya, monkeylike and apelike features
- ramapithecus
- found in india
- pan troglodytes
- chimps
- pan paniscus
- bonobo, pygmy chimp, branched from chimps 2.5 mya- more upright, more bareskinned, hair parted in middle, less studied b/c deeper in jungle
- diffs between bonobo and chimp
- chimp- make war, patriarchal, can be violent, bonobo- alpha female, females keep males in check, use sex as social lubricant
- human evolutionary history
- 7mya break from chimps, 3.5 mya austrolopithecus fossil footprints, precedes brain growth, 1.5 mya homoerectus, evidence of long distance running, 500,000 ya split neanderthals in europeand homosapiens in africa 150,000-200,000 ya