new bio
Terms
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- bacteroids
- A form of Rhizobium contained within the vesicles formed by the root cells of a root nodule.
- oct
- eight
- blade
- A leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis.
- nemat
- thread
- odont
- tooth
- mucous membrane
- Smooth moist epithelium that lines the digestive tract and air tubes leading to the lungs.
- primary growth
- Growth initiated by the apical meristems of a plant root or shoot.
- plant morphology
- is the field in botany that studies the diversity in forms, with the naked eye or slight optical magnification.
- scion
- The twig grafted onto the stock when making a graft.
- turgor pressure
- The force directed against a cell wall after the influx of water and the swelling of a walled cell due to osmosis.
- tap root
- A root system common to eudicots consisting of one large, vertical root that produces many smaller lateral, or branch roots.
- fruit
- A mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal.
- double fertilization
- A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.
- connective tissue
- Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.
- macronutrients
- A chemical substance that an organism must obtain in relatively large amounts.
- zone of maturation
- This is the region of the root tip adjacent to the zone of cell elongation. As cells finish elongating, they begin to specialize in structure and function
- organs
- A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.
- collenchyma cells
- A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth.
- apical meristems
- Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.
- cardiac muscle
- A type of muscle that forms the contractile wall of the heart; its cells are joined by intercalated discs that relay each heartbeat.
- microspores
- A spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a male gametophyte with antheridia.
- aggregate fruit
- A fruit such as a blackberry that develops from a single flower that has several carpels.
- stratified epithelium
- An epithelium consisting of more than one layer of cells in which some but not all cells touch the basal lamina.
- basement membrane
- The floor of an epithelial membrane on which the basal cells rest.
- fragmentation
- A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.
- columnar
- The column shape of one type of epithelial cell.
- lateral meristems
- The vascular and cork cambium, a cylinder of dividing cells that runs most of the length of stems and roots and is responsible for secondary growth.
- casparian strip
- A water-impermeable ring of wax around endodermal cells in plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls
- mesenteries
- Many of the organs of vertebrates are suspended by sheets of connective tissue (it) in body cavities moistened or filled with fluid.
- imperfect flower
- A unisexual flower missing either stamens or carpels.
- orb
- circle; round; ring
- perfect flower
- A bisexual flower equipped with both stamens and carpels.
- hormones
- Any one of the many circulating chemical signals found in all multicellular organisms that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and coordinate the various parts of the organism by interacting with target cells.
- cotransport
- The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.
- cellular differentation
- The structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development; dependent on the control of gene expression.
- micronutrients
- An element that an organism needs in very small amounts and that functions as a component or cofactor of enzymes.
- perennials
- A plant that lives for many years.
- complete flower
- A flower that has sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
- Haversian System
- One of many structural units of vertebrate bone, consisting of concentric layers of mineralized bone matrix surrounding lacunae, which contain osteocytes, and a central canal, which contains blood vessels and nerves.
- orth
- straight; correct; right
- endodermis
- The innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the stele
- shoot system
- The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers.
- pheno
- show
- stomata
- A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange
- translocation
- The transport via phloem of food in a plant.
- proton pump
- An active transport mechanism in cell membranes that consumes ATP to force hydrogen ions out of a cell and, in the process, generates a membrane potential
- non
- not
- fibroblasts
- A type of cell in loose connective tissue that secretes the protein ingredients of the extracellular fibers.
- guttation
- The exudation of water droplets, caused by root pressure in certain plants
- nuc
- center
- simple epithelium
- An epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells that all touch the basal lamina.
- adventitious
- Roots extending from stems and leaves above ground.
- zone of elongation
- This is the region of the root tip adjacent to the zone of cell division. Cells sometimes elongate to more than ten times their original length.
- olf
- smell
- squamous
- The flat, "fried-egg" shape of one type of epithelial cell.
- nas
- nose
- axillary bud
- An embryonic shoot present in the angle formed by a leaf and stem.
- phag
- eat
- nephro
- kidney
- thoracic cavity
- The body cavity in mammals that houses the lungs and heart. It is surrounded in part by ribs and separated from the lower abdominal cavity by the diaphragm.
- monoecious
- Referring to a plant species that has both staminate and carpellate flowers on the same individual.
- phytochrome
- A pigment involved in many responses of plants to light.
- adipose tissue
- a specialized form of loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout its matrix.
- nervous tissue
- Tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells.
- terminal bud
- Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes.
- dioecious
- Referring to a plant species that has staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants.
- incomplete flower
- A flower lacking sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels.
- biennials
- A plant that requires two years to complete its life cycle.
- pan
- all
- fibrous root
- It is usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots growing from the stem. universal in monocotyledonous plants and ferns, and is also common in dicotyledonous plants.
- apoplast
- In plants, the nonliving continuum formed by the extracellular pathway provided by the continuous matrix of cell walls
- mycet
- fungus
- ous
- full of; abounding in
- par
- beside; near; equal; bring forth
- blood
- A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended.
- bone
- A type of connective tissue, consisting of living cells held in a rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts.
- humus
- Decomposing organic material found in topsoil.
- vegatative reproduction
- Cloning of plants by asexual means
- topsoil
- A mixture of particles derived from rock, living organisms, and humus.
- myria
- many
- zone of cell division
- includes the apical meristem and its derivatives, called primary meristems. The apical meristem, at the heart of it, produces the cells of the primary meristems and also replaces cells of the root cap that are sloughed off.
- internodes
- The segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached.
- circadian rhythm
- A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotic organisms and that persists even in the absence of external cues.
- permea
- pass; go
- meristems
- Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth.
- essential nutrient
- A chemical element that is required for a plant to grow from a seed and complete the life cycle, producing another generation of seeds
- apicle dominance
- Concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth.
- ner
- moist; liquid
- root pressure
- The upward push of water within the stele of vascular plants, caused by active pumping of minerals into the xylem by root cells
- root cap
- A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem.
- seed coat
- A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule; in a flowering plant, it encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm.
- pachy
- thick
- callus
- A mass of dividing, undifferentiated cells at the cut end of a shoot.
- plant anatomy
- the general term for the study of the internal structure of plants. (cuts into plants)
- skeletal muscle
- Striated muscle generally responsible for the voluntary movements of the body.
- pericarp
- The thickened wall of a fruit.
- osteoblasts
- Bone-forming cells that deposit a matrix of collagen.
- nitrogen fixation
- The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokaryotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used by plants.
- endosperm
- A nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during double fertilization, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.
- nomy; nome
- distribute; arrange; law
- monocots
- A subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon.
- pollination
- The placement of pollen onto the stigma of a carpel by wind or animal carriers, a prerequisite to fertilization.
- annuals
- A plant that completes its entire life cycle in a single year or growing season.
- gametophyte
- The multicellular haploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation.
- neur; nerv
- nerve; tendon
- auxin
- A class of plant hormones, including indoleacetic acid (IAA), having a variety of effects, such as phototropic response through the stimulation of cell elongation, stimulation of secondary growth, and the development of leaf traces and fruit.
- tension
- Negative pressure on water or solutions. For example, prior to a medical injection, fluid is drawn up into a syringe because of tension created by pulling the plunger upwards
- pith
- The core of the central vascular cylinder of monocot roots, consisting of parenchyma cells, which are ringed by vascular tissue; ground tissue interior to vascular bundles in dicot stems.
- guard cells
- A specialized epidermal plant cell that forms the boundaries of the stomata
- tissues
- An integrated group of cells with a common structure and function.
- photoperiodism
- A physiological response to day length, such as flowering in plants.
- oste
- bone
- mycel
- threadlike
- water potential
- The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure
- cuboidal
- The cubic shape of a type of epithelial cell.
- phil
- living; fond of
- cartilage
- A type of flexible connective tissue with an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in chondrin.
- protoplast fusion
- The fusing of two protoplasts from different plant species that would otherwise be reproductively incompatible.
- opthal
- eye
- chemiosmosis
- An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis
- oo
- egg
- ob
- against
- root hairs
- A tiny projection growing just behind the root tips of plants, increasing surface area for the absorption of water and minerals.
- smooth muscle
- A type of muscle lacking the striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle because of the uniform distribution of myosin filaments in the cell.
- hypocotyl
- The embryonic axis below the point at which the cotyledons are attached.
- plasmodesmata
- An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells
- chrondrocytes
- Cartilage cells.
- multiple fruit
- A fruit such as pineapple that develops from an inflorescence, a group of flowers tightly clustered together. When the walls of the many ovaries start to thicken, they fuse together and become incorporated into one fruit.
- opt; opsy
- eye; vision
- ethylene
- The only gaseous plant hormone, responsible for fruit ripening, growth inhibition, leaf abscission, and aging.
- tracheids
- A water-conducting and supportive element of xylem composed of long, thin cells with tapered ends and walls hardened with lignin.
- imbibition
- the uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed.
- ped
- foot
- muscle tissue
- Tissue consisting of long muscle cells that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses.
- omni
- all
- pollination
- The placement of pollen onto the stigma of a carpel by wind or animal carriers, a prerequisite to fertilization.
- oscu
- mouth
- ligaments
- A type of fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at joints.
- growth
- developing of a certain type of cell.
- parenchyma cells
- A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type.
- development
- The sum of all of the changes that progressively elaborate an organism's body.
- sugar sink
- A plant organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar. Growing roots, shoot tips, stems, and fruit are sugar sinks supplied by phloem.
- root system
- All of a plant's roots that anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.
- vascular bundles
- A strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) in a plant stem
- sclerenchyma cells
- A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking protoplasts and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity.
- noct; nox
- night
- gibberellin
- A class of related plant hormones that stimulate growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the germination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and stimulate fruit development with auxin.
- epithelial tissue
- Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities.
- protoderm
- The outermost primary meristem, which gives rise to the epidermis of roots and shoots.
- pent
- five
- dicots
- A subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons.
- oid
- like in form or shape
- fibers
- A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles.
- stock
- The plant that provides the root system when making a graft.
- collagenous fibers
- Tough fibers of the extracellular matrix. They are made of collagen that are nonelastic and do not tear easily when pulled lengthwise.
- paleo
- old; ancient
- cation exchange
- A process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles.
- sustainable agriculture
- Long-term productive farming methods that are environmentally safe.
- not
- back
- striated muscle
- Also called skeletal muscle because the arrangement of overlapping filaments gives the cells a striped (striated) appearance under the microscope.
- nodes
- A point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached.
- transpiration
- The evaporative loss of water from a plant.
- phototropism
- Growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light.
- nodules
- Swellings on the roots of legumes. composed of plant cells that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Rhizobium.
- petiole
- The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.
- ocul
- eye
- palm
- broad; flat
- node
- knot
- ov
- egg
- simple fruit
- A fruit derived from a single ovary and may be fleshy, such as a cherry, or dry, such as a soybean pod.
- per
- through
- elastic fibers
- Long threads made of the protein elastin. provide a rubbery quality to the extracellular matrix that complements the nonelastic strength of collagenous fibers.
- neuron
- A nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its cell membrane.
- oxy
- sharp; acid; oxygen
- moll
- soft
- tendons
- A type of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
- path; pathy
- disease; suffering
- cortex
- The region of the root between the stele and epidermis filled with ground tissue
- horizons
- topsoil and other distinct soil layers are often visible in vertical profile where there is a roadcut or deep hole
- megaspores
- A spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a female gametophyte bearing archegonia.
- secondary growth
- The increase in girth of the stems and roots of many plants, especially woody, perennial dicots.
- neo
- new; recent